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Undeleted > T cells > Flashcards

T cells Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of T-cells and their functions

A

CD4 - help other immune cells respond to EXTRAcellular infections
CD8 - kills cells that have become virally infected

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2
Q

what is process of cognate interaction

A
  1. antigen recognition of Tfh cell induces expression of CD40 ligand and cytokines
  2. these work together to activate B-cell
  3. B-cell proliferates
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3
Q

2 requirements for macrophage activation

A
  1. IFN-y produced by TH1 cell

2. CD40 ligand on T cell binds to CD40 on macrophage

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4
Q

what are 2 T-cell receptors and which is most common

A

a: B - common
y: d - not sure what it does

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5
Q

what are a:B subdivisions

A

CD4 and CD8

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6
Q

how does T cell receptor dev.

A

somatic recombination - V-J rearrangement

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7
Q

where does T-cell stages occur

A
  1. dev in marrow
  2. recombination in thymus
  3. travel to secondary lymph nodes
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8
Q

how is antigen presented to a T-cell

A

broken up and put onto an MHC molecule

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9
Q

what is MHC

A

specialized antigen presenting glycoproteins

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10
Q

what is MHC specificity

A

can bind multiple different antigens as long as the AA “anchor” is the same

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11
Q

what is T-cell specificity

A

T-cell can only recognize single antigen and only when bound to MHC

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12
Q

what are 2 classes of MHC molecules, examples, and where found

A
  1. HLA A,B,C - most nucleated cells

2. HLA Ds - only on antigen presenting cells

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13
Q

which MHC correspond to which CD

A

CD8 - 1

CD4 – 2

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14
Q

how is MHC changeable

A

MHC is stable and inherited

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15
Q

what is antigen processing

A

method by which pathogens are broken down to be presented on MHC to T-cell

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16
Q

basic steps to pathogen processing

A
  1. dendritic cells take up pathogen
  2. taken apart in DC
  3. cut up
  4. put on MHC in cell
  5. MHC put on the outside
17
Q

what is mech of intracellular pathogen

A
  1. antigen processed in cell in proteosome
  2. peptide transported to ER
  3. bound to MHC in ER
  4. placed on cell surface with MHC
18
Q

what is mech of extracellular pathogen

A
  1. pathogen endocytosed
  2. degraded with endolysosome
  3. MHC is made in golgi and put in vesicle
  4. pathogen and MHC vesicles combined
  5. MHC placed on cell surface
19
Q

3 stages of T=cell maturation in thymus

A
  1. gene rearrangement in cortex
  2. positive selection
  3. negative selection
20
Q

what is order of gene rearragment

A
  1. D-JB
  2. V-DJ
  3. V-Ja
21
Q

what occurs in double negative stage

A
  1. T-cell progenitor rearranges to make TCR
  2. if TCR made - passes checkpoint
  3. proliferates and enter double pos. stage
22
Q

what occurs in double pos. stage

A
  1. rearrange again to make CD4 and CD8 receptor

2. pass checkpoint

23
Q

2 types of screening that double pos. Tcells undergo

A
  1. positive selection - ID cells restricted to self-MHC

2. negative - ID and elim those cells that react to self antigen

24
Q

2 main functions of pos. selction

A
  1. test for self MHC recognition
  2. depending on class of MHC recognized, will tell whether is a CD4 or CD8 - will stop expressing non-binding co-receptor
25
Q

3 things that are presented to T-cell in negative selection

A
  1. peptide made from proteins made by DCs
  2. peptides from cell phaged by macrophages
  3. soluble proteins taken up by extracellular proteins
26
Q

how does T-cell get tested for self-antigen binding

A

AIRE - transcription factor that causes several hundred tissue specific genes to be transcribed by sub-population in thymic medulla
- bound to MHC 1 for help with negative selection

27
Q

what are problems with central tolerance

A
  1. some self-peptides not found in thymus

2. this means these won’t be negatively selected

28
Q

what does thymic selection do

A

give each person and unique T-cell repertoire

29
Q

how do mature T-cells know where to go

A

can go to node from lymph or blood vessels – chemokines

30
Q

what happens when a T-cell encounters its antigens

A

proliferates and becomes an effector t-cell

31
Q

how is T-cell activated

A
  1. must find APC
  2. TCR must bind MHC
  3. second co-stimulation also required to activate T-cell

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