Principles of neoplasia

Question 1

def. epithelium

Answer 1

• lines internal and external surfaces and glands

- devs. from all 3 germ layers

Question 2

how is epithelium classified (2)

Answer 2

1. # of cell layers

2. cell morphology

Question 3

epithelial appearance

Answer 3

• closely packed and polarized

- attached to basement membrane

Question 4

def. mesenchyme

Answer 4

• embyrological tissue that gives rise to CT

Question 5

types of mesenchyme CT

Answer 5

fat, cartiledge, bone, blood cells

Question 6

2 types of hyperplasia

Answer 6

physiologic and pathologic

Question 7

2 types of physiologic hyperplasia

Answer 7

1. increased capacity - breast in preg.

2. compensatory incr. - liver after transplant

Question 8

2 causes of pathological hyperplasia

Answer 8

excessive hormone or growth factor

Question 9

what is neoplasm

Answer 9

disorder of cell growth triggered by series of acquired mutations

Question 10

what gives neoplasm growth adv. (2)

Answer 10

1. excessive proliferation

2. independent of physiologic growth signals

Question 11

what are 2 components of neoplasm

Answer 11

1. parenchyma (new cells)

2. reactive stroma

Question 12

4 features of benign neoplasia

Answer 12

1. localized in capsule
2. doesn’t spread
3. amenable to removal
4. PT generally survives

Question 13

3 features of malignant

Answer 13

1. ability to spread -metas
2. ability to invade and destroy adjacent tissue
3. may cause death

Question 14

2 def.s of dysplasia

Answer 14

1. developmental - not ours - abnormal organizations of cells
2. neoplasi - alteration of a cell to an abnormal or disordered from - vs. metaplasia which is normal form

Question 15

3 features of dysplasia

Answer 15

1. usually occurs in epith.
2. often arises in metaplastic tissues
3. precursor of invasive cancer (not always)

Question 16

5 characteristics of dysplasia

Answer 16

1. loss of architecture orientation (polarity)
2. loss of cell uniformity (pleomorphisms)
3. nuclear stratifications
4. nuclear atypia (often large)
5. mitoses - not confined to basal layer

Question 17

def. hamartoma

Answer 17

disorganized proliferation of normal cells forming a mass

- cell indiginous to site of lesion

Question 18

def. choristoma

Answer 18

• normal cells, but from a heterotopic location

Question 19

4 ways to classify a tumor

Answer 19

1. bodysite/ organ of origin
2. benign/malignant
3. tissue of origin
4. cell type of origin

Question 20

what is name of benign tumors and what is exception

Answer 20

-oma, epithelial is more complicated

Question 21

what is name of malignant tumors

Answer 21

1. mesenchymal - sarcoma
2. epithelial - carcinoma
3. unknown - undifferentiated malignant tumor

Question 22

what is naming of tumors with more than one cell type (2)

Answer 22

1. mixed tumors - from divergent diff. of a single neoplastic clone
2. teratoma - tissues from more than one cell layer

Question 23

5 malignancies with benign sounding names

Answer 23

1. lymphoma
2. melanoma
3. mesothelioma
4. seminoma
5. neuroblastoma

Question 24

3 malignant tumors where origin is unknows

Answer 24

1. synovial sarcoma
2. epitheliod sarcoma
3. alveolar soft part sarcoma

Question 25

**4 characteristics of neoplasms

Answer 25

1. differentiation 2. rate of growth 3. local invasion 4. mets

Question 26

def. differentiation

Answer 26

degree to which neoplastic cells resemble corresponding normal cells

Question 27

how does differentiation help

Answer 27

benign - well differentiated | malignant - varies

Question 28

what are functions of benign vs. malignant tumors

Answer 28

benign - often maintain function of cell of origin | malignant - may aquire new functions - fetal proteins, hormones

Question 29

how does rate of growth differ

Answer 29

benign - slow mitotic rate, mitotoc figures normal | malig. - high rate and atypical mitotic figures

Question 30

where does local invasion occur

Answer 30

directly into contiguous structures

Question 31

what are preinvasive epithelial neoplasms

Answer 31

when changes occur within the epithelia - has not penetrated basement membrane

Question 32

what is carcinoma in situ

Answer 32

dysplastic changes are marked and involve entire thickness of epithelium

Question 33

def. metastesis

Answer 33

spread of tumor to site that are physically distant from primary tumour

Question 34

3 pathways of mets

Answer 34

1. seeding of body cavities 2. lymphatics 3. hematogenous

Question 35

where does seeding occur

Answer 35

when tumor invades an open space and sheds cells

Question 36

where does lymphatic mets occur

Answer 36

follows normal routes

Question 37

where does hematogenous occur

Answer 37

caps. and small veins | - esp lung and liver- blood sites

Question 38

what is tumour grade

Answer 38

degree of differentiation

Question 39

what is stage

Answer 39

extent of tumour spread

Question 40

how is grade done

Answer 40

diff. and unique to each malignancy

Question 41

3 things stage is based on

Answer 41

1. size of tumour 2. extent of regional lymph nodes 3. presence of mets

Question 42

what is stage used for

Answer 42

prognosis