Principles of neoplasia Flashcards
def. epithelium
- lines internal and external surfaces and glands
- devs. from all 3 germ layers
how is epithelium classified (2)
- # of cell layers
2. cell morphology
epithelial appearance
- closely packed and polarized
- attached to basement membrane
def. mesenchyme
- embyrological tissue that gives rise to CT
types of mesenchyme CT
fat, cartiledge, bone, blood cells
2 types of hyperplasia
physiologic and pathologic
2 types of physiologic hyperplasia
- increased capacity - breast in preg.
2. compensatory incr. - liver after transplant
2 causes of pathological hyperplasia
excessive hormone or growth factor
what is neoplasm
disorder of cell growth triggered by series of acquired mutations
what gives neoplasm growth adv. (2)
- excessive proliferation
2. independent of physiologic growth signals
what are 2 components of neoplasm
- parenchyma (new cells)
2. reactive stroma
4 features of benign neoplasia
- localized in capsule
- doesn’t spread
- amenable to removal
- PT generally survives
3 features of malignant
- ability to spread -metas
- ability to invade and destroy adjacent tissue
- may cause death
2 def.s of dysplasia
- developmental - not ours - abnormal organizations of cells
- neoplasi - alteration of a cell to an abnormal or disordered from - vs. metaplasia which is normal form
3 features of dysplasia
- usually occurs in epith.
- often arises in metaplastic tissues
- precursor of invasive cancer (not always)
5 characteristics of dysplasia
- loss of architecture orientation (polarity)
- loss of cell uniformity (pleomorphisms)
- nuclear stratifications
- nuclear atypia (often large)
- mitoses - not confined to basal layer
def. hamartoma
disorganized proliferation of normal cells forming a mass
- cell indiginous to site of lesion
def. choristoma
- normal cells, but from a heterotopic location
4 ways to classify a tumor
- bodysite/ organ of origin
- benign/malignant
- tissue of origin
- cell type of origin
what is name of benign tumors and what is exception
-oma, epithelial is more complicated
what is name of malignant tumors
- mesenchymal - sarcoma
- epithelial - carcinoma
- unknown - undifferentiated malignant tumor
what is naming of tumors with more than one cell type (2)
- mixed tumors - from divergent diff. of a single neoplastic clone
- teratoma - tissues from more than one cell layer
5 malignancies with benign sounding names
- lymphoma
- melanoma
- mesothelioma
- seminoma
- neuroblastoma
3 malignant tumors where origin is unknows
- synovial sarcoma
- epitheliod sarcoma
- alveolar soft part sarcoma
**4 characteristics of neoplasms
- differentiation
- rate of growth
- local invasion
- mets
def. differentiation
degree to which neoplastic cells resemble corresponding normal cells
how does differentiation help
benign - well differentiated
malignant - varies
what are functions of benign vs. malignant tumors
benign - often maintain function of cell of origin
malignant - may aquire new functions - fetal proteins, hormones
how does rate of growth differ
benign - slow mitotic rate, mitotoc figures normal
malig. - high rate and atypical mitotic figures
where does local invasion occur
directly into contiguous structures
what are preinvasive epithelial neoplasms
when changes occur within the epithelia - has not penetrated basement membrane
what is carcinoma in situ
dysplastic changes are marked and involve entire thickness of epithelium
def. metastesis
spread of tumor to site that are physically distant from primary tumour
3 pathways of mets
- seeding of body cavities
- lymphatics
- hematogenous
where does seeding occur
when tumor invades an open space and sheds cells
where does lymphatic mets occur
follows normal routes
where does hematogenous occur
caps. and small veins
- esp lung and liver- blood sites
what is tumour grade
degree of differentiation
what is stage
extent of tumour spread
how is grade done
diff. and unique to each malignancy
3 things stage is based on
- size of tumour
- extent of regional lymph nodes
- presence of mets
what is stage used for
prognosis
