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Undeleted > Principles of neoplasia > Flashcards

Principles of neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

def. epithelium

A
  • lines internal and external surfaces and glands

- devs. from all 3 germ layers

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2
Q

how is epithelium classified (2)

A
  1. # of cell layers

2. cell morphology

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3
Q

epithelial appearance

A
  • closely packed and polarized

- attached to basement membrane

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4
Q

def. mesenchyme

A
  • embyrological tissue that gives rise to CT
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5
Q

types of mesenchyme CT

A

fat, cartiledge, bone, blood cells

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6
Q

2 types of hyperplasia

A

physiologic and pathologic

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7
Q

2 types of physiologic hyperplasia

A
  1. increased capacity - breast in preg.

2. compensatory incr. - liver after transplant

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8
Q

2 causes of pathological hyperplasia

A

excessive hormone or growth factor

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9
Q

what is neoplasm

A

disorder of cell growth triggered by series of acquired mutations

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10
Q

what gives neoplasm growth adv. (2)

A
  1. excessive proliferation

2. independent of physiologic growth signals

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11
Q

what are 2 components of neoplasm

A
  1. parenchyma (new cells)

2. reactive stroma

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12
Q

4 features of benign neoplasia

A
  1. localized in capsule
  2. doesn’t spread
  3. amenable to removal
  4. PT generally survives
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13
Q

3 features of malignant

A
  1. ability to spread -metas
  2. ability to invade and destroy adjacent tissue
  3. may cause death
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14
Q

2 def.s of dysplasia

A
  1. developmental - not ours - abnormal organizations of cells
  2. neoplasi - alteration of a cell to an abnormal or disordered from - vs. metaplasia which is normal form
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15
Q

3 features of dysplasia

A
  1. usually occurs in epith.
  2. often arises in metaplastic tissues
  3. precursor of invasive cancer (not always)
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16
Q

5 characteristics of dysplasia

A
  1. loss of architecture orientation (polarity)
  2. loss of cell uniformity (pleomorphisms)
  3. nuclear stratifications
  4. nuclear atypia (often large)
  5. mitoses - not confined to basal layer
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17
Q

def. hamartoma

A

disorganized proliferation of normal cells forming a mass

- cell indiginous to site of lesion

18
Q

def. choristoma

A
  • normal cells, but from a heterotopic location
19
Q

4 ways to classify a tumor

A
  1. bodysite/ organ of origin
  2. benign/malignant
  3. tissue of origin
  4. cell type of origin
20
Q

what is name of benign tumors and what is exception

A

-oma, epithelial is more complicated

21
Q

what is name of malignant tumors

A
  1. mesenchymal - sarcoma
  2. epithelial - carcinoma
  3. unknown - undifferentiated malignant tumor
22
Q

what is naming of tumors with more than one cell type (2)

A
  1. mixed tumors - from divergent diff. of a single neoplastic clone
  2. teratoma - tissues from more than one cell layer
23
Q

5 malignancies with benign sounding names

A
  1. lymphoma
  2. melanoma
  3. mesothelioma
  4. seminoma
  5. neuroblastoma
24
Q

3 malignant tumors where origin is unknows

A
  1. synovial sarcoma
  2. epitheliod sarcoma
  3. alveolar soft part sarcoma
25
Q

**4 characteristics of neoplasms

A
  1. differentiation
  2. rate of growth
  3. local invasion
  4. mets
26
Q

def. differentiation

A

degree to which neoplastic cells resemble corresponding normal cells

27
Q

how does differentiation help

A

benign - well differentiated

malignant - varies

28
Q

what are functions of benign vs. malignant tumors

A

benign - often maintain function of cell of origin

malignant - may aquire new functions - fetal proteins, hormones

29
Q

how does rate of growth differ

A

benign - slow mitotic rate, mitotoc figures normal

malig. - high rate and atypical mitotic figures

30
Q

where does local invasion occur

A

directly into contiguous structures

31
Q

what are preinvasive epithelial neoplasms

A

when changes occur within the epithelia - has not penetrated basement membrane

32
Q

what is carcinoma in situ

A

dysplastic changes are marked and involve entire thickness of epithelium

33
Q

def. metastesis

A

spread of tumor to site that are physically distant from primary tumour

34
Q

3 pathways of mets

A
  1. seeding of body cavities
  2. lymphatics
  3. hematogenous
35
Q

where does seeding occur

A

when tumor invades an open space and sheds cells

36
Q

where does lymphatic mets occur

A

follows normal routes

37
Q

where does hematogenous occur

A

caps. and small veins

- esp lung and liver- blood sites

38
Q

what is tumour grade

A

degree of differentiation

39
Q

what is stage

A

extent of tumour spread

40
Q

how is grade done

A

diff. and unique to each malignancy

41
Q

3 things stage is based on

A
  1. size of tumour
  2. extent of regional lymph nodes
  3. presence of mets
42
Q

what is stage used for

A

prognosis

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