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Fertilization-5 weeks Flashcards

1
Q

function of meiosis

A

halves chromosomes - 23 pair to singles

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2
Q

of chomosomes, autosomes, sex chromosomes in somatic cell

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs, 22 pairs of autosomes, 2 sex

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3
Q

of chomosomes, autosomes, sex chromosomes in gamete

A

23 chromosomes, 23 singles, 22 single of autosomes, 1 sex

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4
Q

proportion of newborns with abnormal chromosome #

A

1:160

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5
Q

define non-disjunction

A

failure of proper separation leading to aneuploidy

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6
Q

end cells of non-disjunction in Mei 1

A

2 with 24 (leads to trisomy) and 2 with 22 (leads to monosomy)

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7
Q

end cells of non-disjunciton in Mei 2

A

2 normal, 1 with 24, 1 with 22

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8
Q

actions in 2 phases of spermatogenisis

A
  1. spermatogonia>Mei 1 and 2>spermatids

2. spermatids>spermiogenesis>spermatozoa

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9
Q

sperm cell production per day

A

50-150 million

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10
Q

production points and amounts of seminal fluid

A

seminal vesicles (60%), prostate (30), bulbourethrea glands (10)

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11
Q

names for lack of sperm and abnormal sperm

A

lack -azoospermia

weird - oliogspermia

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12
Q

normal site of fert.

A

ampulla of uterine tube

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13
Q

life span of sperm

A

2-6 days

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14
Q

life span of oocyte

A

24 hours

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15
Q

function of sperm capacitation

A
  1. egg attach

2. acrosome reaction

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16
Q

stages of oogenisis and timeline

A

primary oocyte>9/10 of mei 1 (fetal, ends at ovulation)>secondary oocyte>mei 2 (just before ovulaiton, only complete if fert.)>ovum

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17
Q

contents of primordial follicle

A

primary oocyte arrested in prophase until ovulation

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18
Q

layers of primary follicles and function

A

primary oocyte
zona pellucida - extracellular matrix
follicular cells - secrete estrogen
theca produce androgens

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19
Q

diff between primary and sec. follicles

A

larger and have antrum (fluid filled spaces)

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20
Q

time for primary follicle to dev into mature secondary follicle (graffian)

A

3 months

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21
Q

time of meiosis 2 in oocyte

A

just before ovulation (out of ovary)

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22
Q

creation of meiosis 1

A

secondary oocyte and 1st polar body

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23
Q

remnants of ovulation

A

corpus luteum

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24
Q

stages of fertiliazation

A

sperm-zone binding>acrosome reaction>sperm egg binding

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25
define zona binding
sites on sperm cell membrane bind with zona pellucida
26
define acrosome reaction
outer part of acrosome fuses and release enzymes to penetrate zona pellucida
27
define sperm egg binding
ligand on sperm membrane binds with receptor on secondary oocyte
28
block to polyspermia
sperm cell membrane contact>cortical granules>zona reaction
29
point of mei 2
immed. following fertilization
30
time until first cleavage
24 hrs then 12>24>12 etc
31
name of cells created by cleavage
blastomeres
32
name of collection of blastomeres
morula
33
stage at which compaction occurs
8 cell - bw 3 and 4 divs
34
name of inner and outer cells formed in cell compaction
outer- trophoblast | inner - inner cell mass
35
name of fluid filled cavity in morula
blastocyst
36
time until implantation
5-6 days
37
products of trophoblast joining the endometrium
syncytiotrophoblast - invades endometrium | cytotrophoblast - what is left
38
what prevents early implantation
zona pellucida
39
frequency of ectopic preg
1/100
40
most common location of ectopic
tubal
41
product of implantation from inner cell mass
bilaminar disc hypoblast - towards blastocyst - no direct contribution epiblast - develops amniotic cavity
42
two balloons which bilaminar disc is sandwiched between
yolk sac and amniotic cavity
43
period of gastrulation
3rd week
44
direction of proliferation epiblast cells
medial and caudal
45
name of cranial end of primitive streak
hensen's node
46
layer formed between epiblast and endoderm
mesoderm
47
layer formed by remaining epiblast cells
ectoderm
48
layer formed by ingressing cells of epiblast
endoderm
49
end of tissues that are more progressive
rostral end
50
organizer of embryonic development
notochord
51
tissues created by ectoderm
nervous system, tissues of body surface, glands that connect to body surface
52
3 stages of neurulation
1. induction of neural plate - initiated by notochord 2. elevation of neural folds - neural crest cells begin to roll up 3. fusion of neural folds - contact os made to creat a tube
53
direction in which neurulation occurs
both rostral and caudal
54
fate of neural crest cells
various different nervous system structures
55
tissues created by endoderm
lining of GI, secretory cells of GI, lining of resp system
56
2 directions of embryonic folding and their products
1. long axis - foregut and hindgut | 2. short axis - midgut
57
products of foregut
mouth, eso ,and down to bile duct (Celiac)
58
products of midgut
small intestine from bile duct to distal transvers colon (SMA)
59
products of hindgut
distal trans colon to anus, bladder and urethra (IMA)
60
tissues created by mesoderm
most muscle and connective tissue
61
3 regions of mesoderm
1. paraxial (inner) 2. lateral (outer) 3. intermediate
62
embryonic stages of paraaxial mesoderm and porducts
somites - vert, ribs, skeletal muscles of body wall
63
division and products of lateral mesoderm (3)
1. somatic mesoderm - connective tissues, blood vessels of body wall and limbs 2. splanchnic mesoderm - smooth muscle, blood vessels of GI 3. intraembyronic coelom - main body cavities (pleura etc.)
64
products of intermediate mesoderm
uriniary system and gonads
65
what happens before Mei 1
DNA replication
66
What happens at Mei 1
chromosomes separate
67
what happens at mei 2
chromatids separate

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