biochem principles: proteins, vits., minerals

Question 1

what happens in normal/wild type?

Answer 1

functional protein produced

Question 2

what happens in silent mutation

Answer 2

single nucleotide switch - same AA - functional protein

Question 3

what missense/point mutation?

Answer 3

single nucleaotide switch - diff. AA - may lead to no function

Question 4

what is nonsense mutation

Answer 4

single nucleotide switch - stop codon - may lead to no function

Question 5

what is frameshift mutation

Answer 5

extra nucleaotide added - changes downstream coding

Question 6

what is DNA finger printing

Answer 6

amplify smaller regions and run out on agrose gel

Question 7

what does presence of mRNA or micorRNA tell us

Answer 7

what genes are active - making a protein

Question 8

6 potential protein functions

Answer 8

1. structural
2. enzymes
3. hormones
4. membrane receptors
5. transporters - body or on cell surface
6. antobodies

Question 9

what are vitamins

Answer 9

co-factors that enzymes need to do their job

Question 10

2 sources of vitamins

Answer 10

1. synthesized in body

2. obtained from outside

Question 11

4 general needs for minerals

Answer 11

1. structural componnents - Ca in bones
2. signalling molecles
3. functional components in enzymes
4. electrical/osmotic balance

Question 12

what is protein structure important for?

Answer 12

active site formation and protein-protein interactions

Question 13

what holds a protein together

Answer 13

non-covalent bonds or disulfide bonds

Question 14

what is calcium induced structural change?

Answer 14

Ca binds to protein changing it’s strucutre and resulting in new function

Question 15

how does pH affect proteins

Answer 15

changes which AAs are protonated/deprotonoated - changes structure and function

Question 16

how are proteins regulated (4)

Answer 16

1. expression or degradation
2. subsrate availability
3. inhibitors (drugs)
4. molecules that bind to sites other than active sites
5. protein modifciation (methyls, sulfates)

Question 17

how does aspirin interact with COX enzyme

Answer 17

bind to secondary site and changes active site permanently

Question 18

what are protein precursors

Answer 18

proteins that must still be modified to be active (zymogens, pre-pro-insulin)

Question 19

what is metabolism

Answer 19

anabolic and catabolic generation of ATP

Question 20

how are enzymes involved in metabolism

Answer 20

1. catalyze the conversion of one structure to another

2. signalling

Question 21

what are high energy intermediates

Answer 21

energy found in bonds of ATP, NADPH and FAD2

Question 22

how is ATP made?

Answer 22

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 23

where is glocose stored

Answer 23

as glycogen in liver and muscle

Question 24

how is excess glucose stored

Answer 24

acetyl CoA for fat storage

Question 25

what are lipid forms

Answer 25

1. fatty acids and triglycerides
2. cholesterol
3. lipoproteins
   4.

Question 26

what are antioxidants

Answer 26

reactive oxygen species that can react and damage proteins, DNA, lipids