biochem principles: proteins, vits., minerals Flashcards
what happens in normal/wild type?
functional protein produced
what happens in silent mutation
single nucleotide switch - same AA - functional protein
what missense/point mutation?
single nucleaotide switch - diff. AA - may lead to no function
what is nonsense mutation
single nucleotide switch - stop codon - may lead to no function
what is frameshift mutation
extra nucleaotide added - changes downstream coding
what is DNA finger printing
amplify smaller regions and run out on agrose gel
what does presence of mRNA or micorRNA tell us
what genes are active - making a protein
6 potential protein functions
- structural
- enzymes
- hormones
- membrane receptors
- transporters - body or on cell surface
- antobodies
what are vitamins
co-factors that enzymes need to do their job
2 sources of vitamins
- synthesized in body
2. obtained from outside
4 general needs for minerals
- structural componnents - Ca in bones
- signalling molecles
- functional components in enzymes
- electrical/osmotic balance
what is protein structure important for?
active site formation and protein-protein interactions
what holds a protein together
non-covalent bonds or disulfide bonds
what is calcium induced structural change?
Ca binds to protein changing it’s strucutre and resulting in new function
how does pH affect proteins
changes which AAs are protonated/deprotonoated - changes structure and function
how are proteins regulated (4)
- expression or degradation
- subsrate availability
- inhibitors (drugs)
- molecules that bind to sites other than active sites
- protein modifciation (methyls, sulfates)
how does aspirin interact with COX enzyme
bind to secondary site and changes active site permanently
what are protein precursors
proteins that must still be modified to be active (zymogens, pre-pro-insulin)
what is metabolism
anabolic and catabolic generation of ATP
how are enzymes involved in metabolism
- catalyze the conversion of one structure to another
2. signalling
what are high energy intermediates
energy found in bonds of ATP, NADPH and FAD2
how is ATP made?
electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
where is glocose stored
as glycogen in liver and muscle
how is excess glucose stored
acetyl CoA for fat storage
what are lipid forms
- fatty acids and triglycerides
- cholesterol
- lipoproteins
4.
what are antioxidants
reactive oxygen species that can react and damage proteins, DNA, lipids
