pleura

Question 1

what is major diff between to layers of pleura

Answer 1

parietal has sense, visceral does not

Question 2

where are 2 locations of pleural pain and where are they fekt

Answer 2

1. diaphragm - in left shoulder

2. rest - at site of problem

Question 3

what are openings in pleura, and what part holds them

Answer 3

stoma - only in parietal pleura

Question 4

what prevents pleura from collapsing

Answer 4

pleural pressure is -5 at FRC and +30 at TLC

Question 5

what stops gas from going into negative PP of pleura

Answer 5

negative PP of gases in caps.

Question 6

4 functions of pleura

Answer 6

1. transfer force
2. allow movement
3. visc. prevents overinflation
4. edema escape route

Question 7

where does fluid enter and leave pleura

Answer 7

enters- both sides

leaves - lymphatics of parietal

Question 8

what forces move fluid into pleura

Answer 8

starling

Question 9

what forces move fluid out of pleura

Answer 9

bulk flow through lymphatics - conc. independant

Question 10

what is greater, max in or out rate

Answer 10

max out&raquo_space; in

Question 11

3 causes of excess fluid gain

Answer 11

1. overwhelming fluid production
2. lymph obstruction
3. fluid leak from elsewhere

Question 12

2 broad categories of pleural effusions

Answer 12

1. transudate - low protein, low MW fluid

2. exudate - high solute concentration

Question 13

what does transudate tell us and what causes

Answer 13

membrane still intact -starling forces

- congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, liver failure

Question 14

what does exudate tell us and causes

Answer 14

membrane diruption

- cancer, infection, inflamation

Question 15

2 other causes of exudate

Answer 15

1. hemothorax

2. chylothroax

Question 16

what happens if lose pleural pressure (2)

Answer 16

1. chest pulls out

2. lungs pull in

Question 17

causes of external pneumothorax

Answer 17

chest wall penetrated from the outside

Question 18

cause of internal pneumothorax

Answer 18

lung punctured and leaking air into pleura

Question 19

2 methods of treating pneumothorax

Answer 19

1. 1-way valve

2. 100% O2

Question 20

how does 100% O2 help pneumothorax

Answer 20

1. incr. PP of O2 and decr N2 in caps.

2. creates larger gradient for reabsorption

Question 21

2 main types of unexpandable lung

Answer 21

1. pleural disease

2. airway disease

Question 22

2 main types of pleural diease and cause

Answer 22

1. lung entrapment - inflammatory/infeciton of visc.

2. trapped lung - fibrous peel on visc. after inflammation resolved