Epi modules 1,2,3,5 Flashcards
def. of epi
study of things that occur to the populaiton
3 types of epi
- descriptive
- analystical
- clinical
def. of descriptive epi
what are health problems, who is effected
what is asked in analytical epi
what are the causes and mechanisms
what is asked in clin-epi
is this treatment better than others, for who?
5 things that can be understood with epi
- etiology of disease
- who is at risk
- history and progression
- effectiveness of interventions
- health programs and policies
define epidemic
more cases exist than would have been expected
define pandemic
cases go global
what 2 things must be defined in epi
- health outcomes
2. define and describe population
what is iceberg phenomenon
only see a small portion of the people with the disease
define count
number of specific cases
define proportion
numerator (count) to the denominator (population)
define ratio
same numerator and denominator, but may be unrelated to each other
define rate
time restricted proportion
3 ways epi describes outcomes
- time - rate of disease over time
- place - geographic distribution of measure
- person - characterisitic of those affected
2 common types of rates
- age specific
2. cause specific
def. of mortality vs. morbidity
- rate of death (numerator) to defined pop
1. rate of cases (numerator) to defined pop
def of proportionate mortality rate
rate of death to specific cause/rate of death of all causes x100
def of case fatality rate
number of death for specific disease/number of people with disease
what is age adjusted rate
statistical process applied to remove the effects of age
what are standard mortality ratios
another way of adjusting for age in small populations
what is formula for standard mortality ratios
observed deaths/expected deaths (for standard population)
what is potential years of life lost calculation
measure that gives additional weight to death in younger people
what is calculation for PYLL
75-age
what is PYLL rate?
(sum of PYLL/total pop under 75)*1000
def. of measures of association
comparison of exposure and various outcomes
3 measures of association
- relative risk
- odds ratios
- attributable risk
def. of relative risk
incidence rate of those exposed/incidence rate of those not exposed
what does relative risk of 1.4 mean
40% increased chance of something occuring
what is odd ratio?
(ill/not-ill for exposed)/(ill/not-ill for not exposed)
what is odd ratio useful
when very low rates, will over inflate if high
define attributable risk
incidence in exposed group-incidence in unexposed
