Pharmacoeconomics

Question 1

where do most healthcare expenditures come from

Answer 1

1. hospitals
2. drugs
3. docs

Question 2

how much of each tax dollar spent on drugs

Answer 2

42%

Question 3

3 reasons drugs getting more expensive

Answer 3

1. new products (usually more)
2. more expensive products
3. more prescriotions and utilizations

Question 4

what is formal drug funding decision making process

Answer 4

1. does it cost more

2. if it does, is it better enough?

Question 5

where are decisions made about funding drugs

Answer 5

1. national input

2. provincial decision making

Question 6

4 aspects that are taken into account in cost effectiveness

Answer 6

1. cost of product
2. outcomes in life
3. incrememental cost
4. saving in other healthcare costs

Question 7

what is a formulary

Answer 7

list of drugs that you can proscribe

Question 8

who maintains a hospital formulary

Answer 8

pharmacy and therapeutics commitiees

Question 9

where might formuaries be found

Answer 9

1. hospital
2. provincial
3. private
4. national

Question 10

4 aspects that must be taken into account in IDing costs

Answer 10

1. data source
2. ID resources
3. quantify resources
4. unit cost

Question 11

3 levels of outcome data

Answer 11

1. survival
2. intermediate (INR, HR)
3. QOL

Question 12

what is a quality adjusted life year

Answer 12

QAYL - duration of state * fraction of QOL in that time

Question 13

when is cost-minimization analysis used

Answer 13

when benefits of both drugs are the same

Question 14

what is cost-effectiveness analysis

Answer 14

benefits not explicitly valued - Life years gained, or cases detected

Question 15

what is cost-utility analysis

Answer 15

based on life years gain weighted by the QALY

Question 16

what is best method to compare across disease

Answer 16

cost-utility analysis

Question 17

what is an incremental cost effectiveness ratio

Answer 17

(cost drug A- cost drug B) / ( outcome treatmentA - outcome treatment B)