principles of immunization Flashcards
why is immunization important
prevent the spread of infection
objective of immunization
prevent disease by preparing the immune system
3 biggest killers without vaccines
- TB
- HIV
- malaria
4 key immunization pronciples
- max. immunogenicity
- induce most approriate type of response
- induce effective memory
- reduce risk
4 current vaccine designs
- inactivated materials
- live attenuated organisms
- conjugate subunit vaccines - protein attachments
- proteins generated by recombinant DNA
what is evidence for SIDS and vaccines
temporal cause, nothing to do with the vaccine itself
what is done after vaccine released
post-marketing surveillance
when should immunization begin
when young and immune system immature
where is critical immune period in child
after stop getting ABs from MOm, but haven’t produced enough of own
2 main types of vaccine for meningococcal
- conjugate - aatched to protein
2. polysaccaride - only good for >2 yrs because otherwsie can’t bind
what are different pneumococcal vaccines
conjugate - 7, or 11, or 13 - to get new serotypes
why give VZV vaccine
tends to have complications, especially if get it when older
what does HPV vaccine prevent
6.11.16.18
what does HPV prevent
100% prevention of precancerous cerivcal dysplasia
3 reasons surveillance is important
- early ID of outbreask
- ID new diseases
- document changes of new viruses
what defines flu drift and shifts
drifts - minor changes in amino acids
shifts - major changes to H and N antigens
what are 3 major flu types and where do most changes occur
ABC - most in A
what is reservoir for flu
pigs and birds
how is flu vaccine developed
predict most common flu for the year and develop in embyonated chicken eggs
what is mech of damage in pertussis (4)
- attachment (finbriae, pertactin)
- evasion of host defences
- local damage
- systemic manifestations - pertussis toxin
what was original pertussis vaccine and problem
whole cell - more local reactions
what is new pertussis vaccine
acellular - made of 5 components
- less reactogenic and does not contian LPS endotoxin
4 factors that have contributed to pertussis resurgence
- no immunity is lifelong
- increased awareness and testing - find more cases
- more sensitive tests introduced - more cases
- bacterial evolution over time
what is new pertussis preventions strategy
Tdap and in healthcare workers give every 2 years
2 strategies to help infants that can’t bevaccinated against pertussis
- cocoon strategy
2. vaccinate pregnant women
