Innate immune system Flashcards

1
Q

4 ā€œCā€ chemical components of the immune system

A
  1. cytokines - proteins that affect other cells
  2. Complement - set of plasma proteints that act in cascade to attack extracellular pathogens
  3. chemokines - small proteins that cause leukocytes to migrate
  4. coagulation - blood proteins that cause blood clotting
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2
Q

2 functions of immune system

A
  1. sentinal - recognize non-self

2. attack

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3
Q

2 primary defence types against path.

A
  1. physcial

2. chemical - pH, antimicrobials, ROS

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4
Q

what recognizes bad pathogens

A

TLRs or PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)

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5
Q

what do TLRs recognize

A

PAMP - pathogen assoc. molecular patterns

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6
Q

2 places TLR are expressed

A
  1. extra - for bact etc.

2. intracellular - for viruses

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7
Q

general steps when TLR binds path.

A
  1. send signal to adapter molecule in cell
  2. kinases signal to nucleaus
  3. nucleus transcribes genes to deal with danger signal
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8
Q

what is an inflammasome

A

assembled intracellular complex of proteins that are signalled by phaged paths. and secrete IL-1 for inflammation

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9
Q

what cells phag

A

neutro, macro, dendritic, B-cells

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10
Q

4 main receptors on a macrophage

A
  1. Fc
  2. TLR
  3. mannose
  4. complement
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11
Q

what does phagocytosis lead to (3)

A
  1. initiation of bactericidal activities
  2. antigen presentation for T-cells
  3. induciton of pro-inflammatory cytokine reslease
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12
Q

4 mechs. other than phag t deal with a path.

A
  1. complement cascade
  2. ADCC - antibody dep. cellular toxicity
  3. defensins - anti-microbial peptides on mucous
  4. pentraxins - bind path. and act as a signal
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13
Q

3 different outcomes of completment activation

A
  1. recruitment on inflamm. cells
  2. opsinization
  3. killing of paths
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14
Q

what is ADCC - antibody dep. cellular toxicity

A

NK cells killing of paths. that have been opsinzed by surface bound antibodies

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15
Q

what are 3 first innate cells that will deal with an infection

A
  1. tissue sentinal cells - secrete cytokines
  2. neutophils - short-lived dedicated killers
  3. macrophages - supress neutophils and come in and clean up
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16
Q

3 ways neutrophils kill

A
  1. phag.
  2. degranulate
  3. netting
17
Q

3 main pathways of complement activation

A
  1. classical - antibody depenedent
  2. lectin - lectin binding to path surfaces
  3. alternative - pathogen surfaces
18
Q

what is main complement of complement activation

A

C3 convertase to C3a and C3b

19
Q

what is function if C3a

A

small frag that cause increased vasc. permeability and inflammation

20
Q

what is funciton of C3b

A

tags bacteria for phag - opsinization

21
Q

what happens in C3 conversion

A

breaks into 2 peices (a and b)

22
Q

how does C3b opsinize

A

bound C3b frag is recognized on phag. cell

23
Q

what is early component of compliment system

A

C1 binding to antibodies

24
Q

what is late component of compliment system

A
  1. C3 convertase > C5 convertase
  2. leads to membrane attack complex (MAC attack)
  3. pokes small pore in membrane and leads to explosion
25
what else does complement do aside from recognize paths
recognizes damage host cells to elim. danger
26
what happens if def. in early components
not severe - assoc. with lupus
27
what happens if def. in late components
more nesseria infections
28
what happens if def. in C3
recurrent pyogenic infections -M and M
29
3 places where complement is regulated
1. at C1 conversion 2. C3 convertase 3. late phase
30
what is hereditary angioneurotic edema
C1INH (inactivtate C1) deficiency leads to too much active C1 and get excessive response
31
what is febrile neutropenia
severe lack of neutrophils and get infected easily