Resp control and sleep Flashcards
path of a feedback loop
contoller>output>effector>feedback>sensor>input>controller
what happens in pos feedback loop
controller will further augment the effector > runaway behavior
what happens in neg. feedback loop
controller will reduce the effector > stabilizes and promotes equilibrium
what is receptor, controller and effector of resp
receptor - sensors
controller - brain
effector - muscles
what are 3 areas of medulla and what do they control
- ventral - expiration
- dorsal - inspiration
- botzinger area - pacemaker
2 areas of pons and what they do
- apneutic area - exitatory - stims dorsal medulla
2. pneumotaxic area - regulates length of breath
what does the cortex do?
give and override system
what does limbic system do?
involved in emotional response
what are the 2 main classes of receptors
- chemoreceptors
2. lung receptors
2 locations of chemoreceptors
- central - medulla
2. peripheral
2 locations of peripheral chemorec
- aorta
2. carotid body
3 types of lung receptors
- stretch
- irritant
- J
what do central chemoreceptors detect and how
pCO2 through H+ passing blood brain barrier
what do carotid chemoreceptors respond to and how (3)
- PaO2 - if low more vent
- PaCO2 - if high more vent
- pH - if low more vent
what do aortic chemoreceptors respond to
paO2 and paCO2
what are peri chemoreceptors more responsive to
changes in paO2
at what point do paO2 receptors really start to fire
below 50mmHg
what do stretch receptors do
stim by lung inflation and lead to incr. expiratory times
what do irritant receptors respond and what do they do
inhaled irritants - bronchcontrict and incr. vent.
what do J receptors do
stim by engorged capils. and lead to rapid shallow breathing
what are central chemorepetors most responsive to?
pCO2
what is most important driver of resp.
pCO2
what do narcotics do
reduce response to pCO2
how does pCO2 change the pO2/vent curve
brings it up
what happens to patients with chronic COPD if give O2
chronic COPD causes decrease pCO2 sensitivity and pO2 becomes more important driver of vent. > if give O2 will drop their vent rates
what is Kussmaaul’s breathing
ketoacidosis - leads to deep breathing because body is trying to blow off acid via CO2
what is breathing pattern in stage 1 sleep
unstable variations between hypo and hyper ventilation
breathing in stage 2-4?
- regular breathing
- blunted response to hypercapnea and hypoxia
- hypoventialtion
- higher pCO2 and lower pO2
- higher upper airway resistance
breathing in REM sleep?
- erratic shallow breathing
- higher blunting of hypoxia and hypercapnea
- more hypoventilation
- airway resistance is highest
why does sleep apnea occur
reduced upper airway dilator muscle activity - collapses>hypoxia>wake up
what is cheyne-strokes respiration
cescendo/decrcendo breathing with period of apnea
