Carbo metabolism

Question 1

what are glucagon and epi effects on insulin

Answer 1

antagonsist

Question 2

how is ATP used in muscle

Answer 2

1 ATP to allow myosin to pull

Question 3

what is use of creatine phosphate

Answer 3

storage in muscle that can be cleaved for an ATP by creatine kinase

Question 4

what do we rely on for longer term ATP

Answer 4

glycogen and fat reserves

Question 5

how does glucose get into muscle cell

Answer 5

GLUT4 transporter

Question 6

steps of glycolysis

Answer 6

1. 6C glucose to 2 3C sugars with ATP invest
2. each 3C sugar to2 ATP and NADH
3. final product is pyruvate which can go into the kreb cycle in mito

Question 7

where does glycolysis occur

Answer 7

in cytoplasm

Question 8

what happens to pyruvate in mito

Answer 8

1. pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
2. enter krebs
3. e transport chain
4. O is final e acceptor
5. oxidative phosphrylation leading to ATP and H2O

Question 9

3 ways if getting ATP in muscles

Answer 9

1. glycollysis
2. PDH complex
3. krebs

Question 10

what does krebs use Acetyl CoA to form at end

Answer 10

oxaloacetate

Question 11

what is total ATP production pr glucose

Answer 11

30ATP/glucose

Question 12

what are potential fates of pyruvate

Answer 12

1. fat as Acetyl CoA
2. oxaloacetate for TCA = ATP
3. alanine synthesis - if not avail in diet
4. anarobic fermentation (not humans)
5. to lactate via anarobic resp

Question 13

what cause anarobic cramping

Answer 13

drop in pH due to ATP hydrolysis, not lactic acid

Question 14

what converts pyruvate to lactate

Answer 14

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 15

what can liver do to lactate

Answer 15

make into glucose by gluconeogenisis

Question 16

what happens to muscle cell with epi

Answer 16

GCPR leads to cAMP to eventually initiate glycogen phosphorylase

Question 17

what does glycogen phosphorylase do

Answer 17

cleave glucose off glycogens to then enter glycoloysis

Question 18

what is danger of falling blood glucose

Answer 18

brain can’t make own glucose, so depends on it from the blood

Question 19

what does falling blood glucose trigger

Answer 19

glucagon rellease from a cells in pancreas

Question 20

what does glucagon do?

Answer 20

leads to glucose release from liver

Question 21

what is mech of glucagon at liver

Answer 21

GCPR to create glucose 1 phospate

Question 22

what does Glc-1-P do?

Answer 22

hydrolizes off a glucose that will then be sent off into the blood

Question 23

what is second function of liver PKA

Answer 23

turns off glycogen synthesis so we dont make it and break it

Question 24

what is gluconeogenisis

Answer 24

anabolic liver pathway by which pyruvate is converted to glucose

Question 25

3 potential sources for liver to glucogenisis

Answer 25

1. lactate
2. AAs
3. glycerol