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Undeleted > Intro immunology > Flashcards

Intro immunology Flashcards

1
Q

cause of type 1 diabetes

A

destruction of insulin producing B-cells

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2
Q

what is autoimmune disease

A

adaptive immune response that becomes directed at self

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3
Q

what is normal function of immune system

A

distiguish self from non self and destroy non-self

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4
Q

what are 2 lines of innate defence

A
  1. anatomic

2. chemical/cellular

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5
Q

what are 2 anatomic defecnes

A
  1. physical barriers (skin)

2. mech. barriers (sneeze etc.)

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6
Q

what are 5 C’s of second line of defence

A
  1. cellular
  2. cytokines - chems that make cells do things
  3. complement - help other systems
  4. chemokines - chemicals that cause cells to migrate
  5. coagulation -
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7
Q

what are cells involved in cellular defence

A

granulocytes, monocytes, NK cells

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8
Q

3 keys points to innate immunity

A
  1. early recognition
  2. non-specific
  3. Activatyion leads to killing, cytokine release, connects to adaptive
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9
Q

how does macrophage recognize a pathogen

A

TLR-4 Toll like receptor on surface can recognize pathogen

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10
Q

what does phagocytosis lead to

A
  1. degradation in lysosome
  2. display of antigen on cell surface
  3. induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines
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11
Q

3 important non WBC innate cells

A
  1. mast cells - early sentinels
  2. polymorphonuclear cells - main job to phagocytose
  3. NK cells - early viral defense
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12
Q

what are 3 functions of complement cascade

A
  1. tag pathogen for phagocytosis (opsinization)
  2. promote inflammation
  3. poke enzyme holes in pathogen to kill
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13
Q

main function of adaptive immunity

A

refine and strengthen system

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14
Q

when does adaptive system come into play

A

when innate does not terminate

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15
Q

2 main cells of adaptive system

A

B and T cells

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16
Q

2 main types of T cells

A

humoral and cell mediated

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17
Q

2 types of adaptive immunity

A
  1. humoral - B-cells

2. cell mediated - T-cells

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18
Q

where do B cells develop

A

in bone marrow

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19
Q

what happens when B cells contact antigen

A

proliferate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies

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20
Q

where do T cells come from

A

produced in bone marrow and mature in thymus

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21
Q

what happens when T cell comes into contact with antigen

A

proliferate into effector T cells

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22
Q

how many antigens can lymphocytes respond to

A

one - all clones

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23
Q

what is B cell receptor

A

immunoglobulin that will be expressed as the ultimate antibody

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24
Q

what keeps BCR bound

A

trans membrane protein

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25
Q

what are 2 functional divs of BCR

A
  1. variable region (what binds)

2. constant region

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26
Q

what is make-up of BCR

A

2 heavy and 2 light chains

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27
Q

what is antibody

A

BCR without tail attaching

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28
Q

what must a TCR have to work

A

co-receptor (CD4 or CD8)

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29
Q

how does TCR see antigen

A

peptide in form of MCH on antigen presenting cell

30
Q

where are 2 classes of MHC molecules found

A
  1. most nucleated cells

2. antigen presenting cells

31
Q

what are co-receptors for to MHC classes

A
  1. CD8

2. CD4

32
Q

what is the function of the MHC protein

A

define the cell as self

33
Q

what is a haplotype

A

our unique set of MHC genes

34
Q

where does our haplotypes come from

A

one allele from each parent

35
Q

what is T cell MHC restriction

A

only recognize peptide antigen in the scaffold of self MHC

36
Q

what is T cell positive selection

A

in thymus, T cells can only continue to develop if they recognize self MHC on nearby stromal cells

37
Q

what are specifc and non-specific parts of antibody

A

specific - variable region that bind pathogen

non-specific - constant region that bind to receptor on immune cells

38
Q

what does antibody opsiniization do

A

make the antigen more delicious and easy to phagocytose

39
Q

what are (4) CD4 helper t-cells and functions

A

Th1 - intracellular pathogens - produce cytokines to activate macros
Th2 - extracellular pathogens - produce cytokines for humoral immunity
Th17 - extracellular bacteria - implicated in autoimmunity
Treg - regulatory

40
Q

CD8 functions

A

direct killing

41
Q

how does immune system have memory

A

keeps some surviving memory cells that can be quickly reactivated

42
Q

what is diversity

A

ability to respond to many different organisms

43
Q

most important way to generate diversity

A

production of B and T cell receptors

44
Q

how is TCR made unique

A

somatic recombination of the variable region

45
Q

what does this recombination create

A

each lymphocyte as a unique receptor

46
Q

what is problem with random recombination

A

can potentially make a receptor for self antigen

47
Q

at what level does tolerance occur

A

level of adaptive immunity

48
Q

where does tolerance occur for T and B cells

A

B -bone marrow

T - thymus

49
Q

what is method of B cell tolerance

A

negative selection - if recognizes self - terminated

50
Q

what are steps for T-cell tolerance

A
  1. postive selction - keeps cells that recognize self MHC
  2. negative selection - elim cells that recognize self-peptides (too tight)
  3. peripheral mechanisms to deal with ones that escape
51
Q

what is main function of inflammation

A

enables immune cells to come to infected tissue rapidly

52
Q

problems with inflammation

A

causes tissue damage and if not fixed can cause irreparable damage

53
Q

what CAN cause chronic inflammation

A

autoimmunity - presence of non-infectious antigens that are stimulating an immune response

54
Q

what does autoimmunity develop from

A

failure to develop tolerance mechanisms

55
Q

2 types of mechanisms that contribute to self-tolerance

A
  1. central

2. peripheral

56
Q

3 features of central mechanisms for self-tolerance

A
  1. negative selection
  2. expression of tissue specific proteins in the thymus
  3. generation of Treg cells
57
Q

3 features of peripheral mechanisms for self-tolerance

A
  1. suppression of autoimmune responses by Treg cells
  2. induction of anergy in autoreactive cells
  3. immune privledge
58
Q

how are tissue specific proteins expressed in the thymus

A

dendritic cells carry “systemic” antigens to thymus via soluble serum proteins

59
Q

what is gene that enables thymic cells to to produce self-proteins

A

AIRE gene - internal image of self

60
Q

what do Treg cells do

A

inhibit T cells and effector T cells that recognize self antigen

61
Q

what other regulatory cells exist

A

B cells and for most other immune cell subsets

62
Q

what 2 things are requires for naive T cell activation

A
  1. antigen specific stimulation

2. costimulation signal

63
Q

how does T-cell become anergic

A

lack of costimulations

64
Q

what happens in anergy

A

functional unesponsiveness

65
Q

what is immune privledge

A

tissues that have evolved to be protected from the immune system

66
Q

what tissues have immune privledge

A

brain, eye, testes, placenta, fetus

67
Q

what are 2 mechanisms of immune privledge

A
  1. mechanical factors - barriers

2. active factors - immunosupressive molecules

68
Q

when is immune privledge a problem

A

when exposed, they do not have self antigen and are seen as foreign

69
Q

5 general concepts in autoimmunity

A
  1. results from failure of T and B cells to develop tolerance
  2. main contributing factors are genetics and env. triggers
  3. various effector mechanisms are responsible for tissue damage
  4. may be systemic or organ specific
  5. tend to be chronic and progressive
70
Q

5 main types of T cells

A
  1. helper
  2. cytotoxic
  3. memory
  4. regulatory
  5. natural killer
71
Q

what are the effector mech in autoimmunity (2)

A

same as regular attack

  1. chronic inflammation
  2. interference with tissue function
72
Q

4 types of autoimmune reactions

A
  1. autoantibodies against self
  2. antigen immune complexes deposited in organs
  3. autoreactive T cells against self
  4. combo of the above

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