Anxiety

Question 1

adaptive function of anxiety

Answer 1

warns of threat - external and internal

Question 2

what are 2 fear pathways

Answer 2

1. low road - fast

2. high road - can inhibit

Question 3

path through slow road

Answer 3

ear>thalamus>amygdala>hypothalamus

Question 4

path through high road

Answer 4

ear>thal>auditory cortex>frontal cortex>amygdala>hypothal

Question 5

what is feature of both roads

Answer 5

1. low - fast and dirty

2. high - slow and accurate

Question 6

how does one learn to fear

Answer 6

aquisition of fear-context association

Question 7

how does NMDA LTP work

Answer 7

firing of NMDA receptor causes a cascade which increases AMPA receptors and sensitizes neuron to fire more readily

Question 8

how are catecholamines involves in LTP

Answer 8

carry meta-information - tells us about the changes in pattern of stimuli, not just if it’s there

Question 9

where do catecholamines act

Answer 9

in the brainstem raphe

Question 10

where do we learn to be afraid

Answer 10

learned association between context cues and fear response

Question 11

how are fear and memory linked in the brain

Answer 11

specific fear neurons activated in amygdala in the same manner as they are in the hippocampus

Question 12

how is fear stored in amygdala

Answer 12

as a general feeling of fear and anxiety

Question 13

how does hippocampus become involved in the fear

Answer 13

gives conscious and explicit code to the fear context

Question 14

how is most subcortical brain activity experienced?

Answer 14

subconsciously like visceral sensations

Question 15

3 types of path anxiety for exam

Answer 15

1. panic attack - sudden unprecipitaed anxiety
2. GAD - chronic
3. phobias - excessive fear of stim

Question 16

prevalences of panic disorder for docs

Answer 16

most common for mental health

• 5th most common for GPs
• most go to ER

Question 17

neurotransmitter involvement in regulation of anxiety

Answer 17

NE, 5HT, GABA

Question 18

where do 5HT cells originate

Answer 18

dorsal raphe

Question 19

what happens if take 5HT agonsists

Answer 19

make anxiety - fenfluramine

Question 20

what happens with SSRIs

Answer 20

initial anxiety followed by down regulation of receptors over time

Question 21

where are cell bodies of NE

Answer 21

locus ceruleus

Question 22

2 drugs that increase LC and effects

Answer 22

yohimbine and caffeine - anxiety

Question 23

2 drugs that decrease LC and effects

Answer 23

benzos, imipramine - reduce anxiety

Question 24

5 SSRIs

Answer 24

1. citalopram
2. fluoxetine
3. paroxetine
4. sertraline
5. fluvoxamine

Question 25

names of TCAs

Answer 25

_____ ipramines

Question 26

2 SNRIs

Answer 26

________laflaxine

duloxetine

Question 27

how do GABA receptors work

Answer 27

when bound Cl enters cell and hyperpolarizes it making it less likely to fire - benzo target

Question 28

effects of benzos

Answer 28

sedation, relax, disinhibitions, amnesia

Question 29

special regulatory issues about benzos

Answer 29

restricted drugs

Question 30

mech of TCAs

Answer 30

initially decrease NE in cleft, but eventually downreg. receptors

Question 31

mech of benzos

Answer 31

augment GABA and cause inhibition

Question 32

what is cycle of avoidance

Answer 32

1. situation provokes anxiety
2. escape provides releif - reward
3. anticipatory anxiety
4. escape faster
   5 avoid

Question 33

what is generalization of fear in humans

Answer 33

initial panic doesn’t matter - eventually can become generalized

Question 34

how does extinction compare to erasing

Answer 34

NOT THE same - extinction supresses fears

Question 35

what happens when remove the cortex in animal with extinction

Answer 35

fear comes back

Question 36

what does CCK have to do with panic

Answer 36

powerfully panicogenic

Question 37

what does CCK do in gut and brain

Answer 37

gut - gall bladder and panc secretion

brain - amygdala to induce panic attack

Question 38

how does epigentic programming by maternal behavior work?

Answer 38

1. mom licks pups
2. pups that got licked have less HPA axis activation with stress
3. maternal grooming alters epigenetic DNA modifications that affect glucocorticod receptor expression