Anxiety Flashcards
adaptive function of anxiety
warns of threat - external and internal
what are 2 fear pathways
- low road - fast
2. high road - can inhibit
path through slow road
ear>thalamus>amygdala>hypothalamus
path through high road
ear>thal>auditory cortex>frontal cortex>amygdala>hypothal
what is feature of both roads
- low - fast and dirty
2. high - slow and accurate
how does one learn to fear
aquisition of fear-context association
how does NMDA LTP work
firing of NMDA receptor causes a cascade which increases AMPA receptors and sensitizes neuron to fire more readily
how are catecholamines involves in LTP
carry meta-information - tells us about the changes in pattern of stimuli, not just if it’s there
where do catecholamines act
in the brainstem raphe
where do we learn to be afraid
learned association between context cues and fear response
how are fear and memory linked in the brain
specific fear neurons activated in amygdala in the same manner as they are in the hippocampus
how is fear stored in amygdala
as a general feeling of fear and anxiety
how does hippocampus become involved in the fear
gives conscious and explicit code to the fear context
how is most subcortical brain activity experienced?
subconsciously like visceral sensations
3 types of path anxiety for exam
- panic attack - sudden unprecipitaed anxiety
- GAD - chronic
- phobias - excessive fear of stim
prevalences of panic disorder for docs
most common for mental health
- 5th most common for GPs
- most go to ER
neurotransmitter involvement in regulation of anxiety
NE, 5HT, GABA
where do 5HT cells originate
dorsal raphe
what happens if take 5HT agonsists
make anxiety - fenfluramine
what happens with SSRIs
initial anxiety followed by down regulation of receptors over time
where are cell bodies of NE
locus ceruleus
2 drugs that increase LC and effects
yohimbine and caffeine - anxiety
2 drugs that decrease LC and effects
benzos, imipramine - reduce anxiety
5 SSRIs
- citalopram
- fluoxetine
- paroxetine
- sertraline
- fluvoxamine
names of TCAs
_____ ipramines
2 SNRIs
________laflaxine
duloxetine
how do GABA receptors work
when bound Cl enters cell and hyperpolarizes it making it less likely to fire - benzo target
effects of benzos
sedation, relax, disinhibitions, amnesia
special regulatory issues about benzos
restricted drugs
mech of TCAs
initially decrease NE in cleft, but eventually downreg. receptors
mech of benzos
augment GABA and cause inhibition
what is cycle of avoidance
- situation provokes anxiety
- escape provides releif - reward
- anticipatory anxiety
- escape faster
5 avoid
what is generalization of fear in humans
initial panic doesn’t matter - eventually can become generalized
how does extinction compare to erasing
NOT THE same - extinction supresses fears
what happens when remove the cortex in animal with extinction
fear comes back
what does CCK have to do with panic
powerfully panicogenic
what does CCK do in gut and brain
gut - gall bladder and panc secretion
brain - amygdala to induce panic attack
how does epigentic programming by maternal behavior work?
- mom licks pups
- pups that got licked have less HPA axis activation with stress
- maternal grooming alters epigenetic DNA modifications that affect glucocorticod receptor expression
