pathology

Question 1

6 ways to classify cardiac patho

Answer 1

1. failure to pump
2. obst. of blood
   - from or to heart
3. regurgitatn blood flow
4. shunted blodd
5. disorders of conduction
6. rupture of heart or main vessels

Question 2

6 ways to classify cardiac patho

Answer 2

1. failure to pump
2. obst. of blood
   - from or to heart
3. regurgitatn blood flow
4. shunted blodd
5. disorders of conduction
6. rupture of heart or main vessels

Question 3

1. what is failure of the heart pump

Answer 3

usually due to weak contractions of the cardiac muscle or may be due to stiffness of the vent. wall

• often end stage to a process
• lack of blood pumpin

Question 4

what is cardiomyoapathy

Answer 4

heart disease resulting from abnormality of the myocardium

- can be primary (genetic) or secondary due to disease

Question 5

what is initial adaptation to heart failure

Answer 5

1. increase end diastolic volume
2. activate SNS
3. activate RAAS
4. hypertrphy

Question 6

what is issue with hypertrophy

Answer 6

increase in size of myocytes, but not more caps

- means it’s vulnerable to decompensation

Question 7

what happens to fluid hemodynamics in heart failure

Answer 7

1. incr. capillary hydrostatic press or decrease eplasm oncotic press
   - edema
2. fluid can collect in other cavities

Question 8

5 causes of edema

Answer 8

1. increase hydrostatic P
   - CHF
2. reduced plasma oncotic P
   - nephrotic syndrome
3. lymph obst
4. Na retention
5. inflammation

Question 9

3 types of edema in order of baddness

Answer 9

1. subcut.
   2 pulmonary
2. cerebral

Question 10

2. obstruciton to blodd flow (2 forms)

Answer 10

1. can’ t get through heart

2. can ‘t get too heart

Question 11

casues of poor flow through the heart

Answer 11

problems with valves

- stenosis, calcification

Question 12

causes of problems of blood to heart

Answer 12

obstruction of coronary As
- plaque or occlusion
»> ischemia

Question 13

triad of thrombus formation from most to least important

Answer 13

1. endothelial injury
2. low flow
3. hypercoag

Question 14

what cause of endothelial injury

Answer 14

esp. at sites of plaques or previous injuries

Question 15

what is issue with abnormal blood flow

Answer 15

normal flow is laminar

1. turbulence
   - contact with walls
2. statis
   - clotting

Question 16

2 main causes of hypercoag

Answer 16

primary
- genetcs
secondary
- smoking, OCP, preg, immobil

Question 17

2 ways to classify thrombus

Answer 17

1. A or V

2. occlusive or partial

Question 18

4 possible fates of a thrombus

Answer 18

1. propagation - bigger
2. embolization
3. dissolution
4. organization and recanalization

Question 19

3 what is regurg blood flow

Answer 19

failure to maintain unidirectional blood flow

- valves can’t close properly and let blood back in

Question 20

4. main causes of shunted blood

Answer 20

typically cangenital that didn’t close

Question 21

3 types of shunts

Answer 21

1. L to R - PO or DA
2. R to L - R pressure is higher
3. malformation causing an obstruciton

Question 22

5. disorders of conduction

Answer 22

lots to come

Question 23

6. rupture of great vessels

Answer 23

usually due to trauma - leak out

Question 24

5 causes of shock

Answer 24

1. cardigenic - MI, rupture, tamponade
2. hypovolemic
   - fluid loss, hemmorage
3. sepsis
4. neurogenic
5. anaphylaxis

Question 25

3 phases of shock

Answer 25

1. initial non-prgressive
   - able to maintain with neuro-humoral
   - tachy, vasoconstirction
2. porgressive
   - drop pH
   - less vasomotor response
   - organ begin to fail
3. irreversible
   - low contraction
   - leak of enzymes
   - lyte disturbace
   - toast