Nutritional pathology 1 Flashcards
2 main types of nutrition problems
- defiency
2. excess
2 types of deficiency
- protein energy malnutrition
2. micronutrient def.
2 types of excess
- protein energy excess
2. micronutrient excess
3 key aspects to healthy diet
- sufficient energy
- essential and non-essential AA and fatty acids
- vitamin and comineral
def. primary malnutrition
one or more components missing from diet
def. secondary malnut.
adequate supply, but somehow not getting them (chrons, diarrhea)
common first world causes of malnutrition
- poverty
- chronic alcholosm
- acute and chronic illness
- self-imposed
ignorance
2 main body protein comartments
- somatic - skeletal muscle
2. visceral - organs
2 classes of protein energy malnutrition
- kwashikor- protein deficiency - affects the visceral compartment
- marasmus - protein AND energy def. - affects skeletal muscle
features of marasmus
- weight > 60% normal
- growth retardation, loss of muscle
- preserved visceral protein, albumin
- anemia, immune def.
- poor wound healing
which PEM is worse
kwashikor
feat of kwashikor
- weight 60-80% normal
- hypoalbuminemia - edema
- flaky paint lesions
- hair changes
- liver steatosis
- apathy, listless, anorexia
feature of cachexia
- common in AIDS
- loss of fat and muscle mass
- increased resting E expenditure
- result of cytokines produced by sepsis or tumor
mech of muscle breakdown in cachexia
proteolysis-inducing factor activates ubiquitin pathways
what is US epi of obesity
35% overweight
30 obese
3 neurohormonal regulators of weight
- afferent system - adipose tissue, pancreas, stomach
- central in hypothalamus
- efferent system - feeding behavior, E expenditure
what is leptin mech.
- secreted by adipocytes
- binds to hypothlamus to stim . POMC/CART
- tells us to stop eating
- - loss of leptin give severe early obesity
what does adiponectin do
guardian angel against obesity
- direct FFA to muscle for oxidation
- decrease infux of fats to liver
- decrease glugogenisis in liver
wha tis ghrelin
only know gut hormone to INCREASE food intake (orexigenic)
how are obesity and cancer related
hyperinsulinemia leads to greater aromatase and androgen production - get more female cancers
3 ways hyperinsulinemia can contribute to CA
- activate growth pathways
- increase expression of IGF-1 - anti-apoptotic
- increase sex steroids
can dietary modif. retard onset of diease
YES
can diet mod. prevent CA
- maybe fruit and veg good
2. high animal fat and low fiber implicated in colon CA
