Adrenal

Question 1

3 cell layers of the adrenal cortex from out to in and what they produce

Answer 1

1. glomerulosa - aldosterone
2. fasiculata - cortisol
3. reticularis - DHEA

Question 2

what does hypo release in response to stress

Answer 2

CRH and ADH

Question 3

what does CRH do?

Answer 3

stim ACTH

Question 4

what does ACTH do

Answer 4

1. stim. cortisol release

2. adrenal hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Question 5

what does ADH do in the ant. pit?

Answer 5

works to increase ACTH upregulation

Question 6

what does cortisol feed back onto?

Answer 6

-ve to hypo, pit

Question 7

where are glucocorticoid receptors located

Answer 7

hypo and ant. pit

Question 8

where are mineralocorticoid receptors found

Answer 8

in brain- act as glucocorticoid receptors

Question 9

what happens with long-term glucocoritcoid therapy

Answer 9

adrenal hypertrophy

Question 10

4 metabolic effects of glucocorticoids

Answer 10

1. up hepatic glucogenisis - conversion of AA to glucose
2. up protein catabolism - more AA in blood
3. down glucose tissue uptake - more glucose for brain
4. up lipolysis - alternative E source

Question 11

permissive effect of GCs

Answer 11

increase catecholamines - more CV response in stress

Question 12

immune effects of CG

Answer 12

immunosuppresive via less imflammation

Question 13

behavioral effects of CG

Answer 13

mood and memory

Question 14

what are steroids derived from

Answer 14

pregnane

Question 15

what happens when missing cholesterol desmolase

Answer 15

no hormones- lethal

Question 16

what happens when don’t have 21B or 11B hydroxylase

Answer 16

don’t get conversion from pregane to cortisol - CAH

Question 17

what is cortisol to corticosterone ratio in humans

Answer 17

7:1

Question 18

what is step to make cortisol

Answer 18

1. ACTH bind and SF-1 does enzyme synthesis
2. cholesterol to pregnenolone in mitochond.
3. preg to ER
4. Pre to deoxycortisol in ER
5. deoxycortisol to mitochond.
6. deoxycortisol to cortisol in mito

Question 19

half life of cortisol

Answer 19

60-90 mins

Question 20

peak and nadir of cortisol (time)

Answer 20

peak - 7am

nadir - 7pm-12am

Question 21

what area is responsible for HPA rhythms

Answer 21

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 22

how does cortisol move in blood

Answer 22

5% free

95% bound to CBG and albumin

Question 23

where is CBG created

Answer 23

in liver

Question 24

what is 11B-HSD

Answer 24

enzyme that coverts cortisol to cortisone

Question 25

2 types of HSD and fucntion

Answer 25

HSD1 - back and forth | HSD2 - cortisol to cortisone only

Question 26

what is function of HSD2

Answer 26

protects fetus and kidneys from cortisol

Question 27

what does skin do via HSD1

Answer 27

turns cortisone cream to cortisol

Question 28

how is cortisol excreted

Answer 28

turned into tetrahydrocortisone glocuurinide and out liver and kidney

Question 29

how are androgent regulated in adrenal

Answer 29

by ACTH

Question 30

how is more androgen made in adrenals

Answer 30

99.9% sulphoconjugated

Question 31

what happens to androstendione

Answer 31

converted to T and E in circulation

Question 32

what is aldosterone pathway

Answer 32

1. low ECF volume and renal artery pressure signals 2. Renin secreted 3. renin converts angiotensinogen to angiot 1 4. ACE converts 1 to 2 5. angio 2 stims adrenal to produce aldosterone 6. aldosterone increased Na and H2O absorbtion

Question 33

what happens if have no 17a hydroxylase

Answer 33

only produce glucocorticoids

Question 34

what is syndrome name, cause and Sx of excess aldosterone

Answer 34

Syndrome: Conn's Cause: hypersecreting tumor of glomurelosa Sx: hypernatremia and hypertension

Question 35

what is syndrome name, cause and Sx of excess cortisol

Answer 35

Syndrome: cushings Cause: hypersecreting tumor of fasciulata Sx: excess glucose, protein shortage, fat dist weird, poor wound healing

Question 36

what is syndrome name, cause and Sx of excess androgen

Answer 36

Syndrome: andrenogenital syndrome Cause: lack of enzyme to convert to cortisol Sx: masc. in women and prepuberty in boys

Question 37

what is syndrome name, cause and Sx of deficit in aldosterone and cortisol

Answer 37

Syndrome: Addisons Cause: destruction or atrophy of adrenal cortex Sx: hyponatremia and hypotension

Question 38

what is syndrome name, cause and Sx of cortisol deficit

Answer 38

Syndrome: secondary adrenocortical insufficiency Cause: HPA failure, insuff CRH/ACTH Sx: poor stress response, hypoglycemia, metabolic deficits