Insulin and metabolic reglation\ Flashcards

1
Q

3 pancreas endocrine cells and what they produce

A
  1. B cell - insulin, amylin, c-peptide
  2. a cell - glucagon
  3. omega cell - somatostatin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what triggers insulin release

A

glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the path by which glucose releases insuling in B cell

A
  1. glucose in > glycolysis and ATP production
  2. ATP inhibits K channel (less K out) reducing membrane potential
  3. membrane depolarization leads to Ca influx
  4. exocytosis of insulin post-Ca influx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how is insulin synthesized in B-cell

A
  1. DNA>mRNA>preproinsulin
  2. prepro has signal sequence removed and 3 disulfides formed > proinsulin
  3. proinsuling has c-peptide released and left with insulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is timing of insulin after meal (2)

A
  1. intial spike of exocytosis

2. slow gain as more is created after

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

6 stimulators of insulin

A
  1. glucose (major)
  2. AAs
  3. FFAs
  4. GLP-1
  5. glucagon
  6. Ach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 inhibitors of insulin

A
  1. somatostatin
  2. insulin
  3. norepinepherine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does microRNA inhibit insulin

A

binds to and inhibits translation of myotrophin mRNA, which is needed for secretion of vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are insulin’s role in anabolic processes (5)

A
  1. recruitment of glucose trnasporters for uptake
  2. stim glycogen synsthesis and inhib glycogen breakdown
  3. increase FA synthesis
  4. upregulate glucokinase
  5. increase AA uptake and protein synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does insuling promote gulcose uptake

A

insulin binding triggers vesicle carryin GLUT4 transporter to go to cell membrane surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

aside from insulin, what else can recruit transporters

A

exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does insulin signalling work?

A
  1. insulin binds to receptor
  2. tyrosine kinase activated protein kinases
  3. protetin kinase phosphoryalte other proteins, causing them to signal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does insulin reverse effects of glucagon and epi

A
  1. both glucagon and epi phosphorylate glycogen phosphorylase a, which leads to glycogen breakdown
  2. insulin activates protein phophotase, which dephosphorylates thise enzyme, inhibiting glycogen breakdown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does glucose enter the liver

A

down concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how are low intracellular glucose level maintained (3)

A
  1. glucose phosphoryalted
  2. glycogen synthesis
  3. reduced glycogen breakdown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 proteins involved

A
  1. GLUT2
  2. glucokinase
  3. glycogen synthase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is glucagon released

A

what gluc. drops below 100mg/dL

18
Q

how does glucagon prevent hypoglycemia

A

increases liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenisis

19
Q

what is glucagon signalling pathway

A

GCPRs and phosphorylation cascade

20
Q

2 other results of glucagon

A
  1. beta oxidatiokn

2. ketogenisis

21
Q

3 possible products of proglucagon and where from/functions

A
  1. glucagon - a cells of panc
  2. GLP-1 - endocrine of small int. - insulin release
  3. GLP-2 - intestine endocrine - inhibit food intake
22
Q

what do somatostatins do

A

inhibit endo and exocrine secretions

23
Q

how is amylin secreted

A

from islet with insulin

24
Q

location and Function of amylin action (3)

A
  1. stomach - slows emptying and slows acid secretion
  2. brain - decreases appetite
  3. pancreas - decrease glucagon secretions
25
what is type 1 diabetes
autoimmune destruction of B cells
26
what must be regulated in type 1 (3)
1. insulin 2. carb intake 3. physical activity
27
7 risk factors for diabetic hypoglycemia
1. bad insulin dosing 2. skipped meals of snacks 3. reduced dietary carbs 4. increased glucose usage (excercise) 5. decreased gluconeogenisis (alcohol) 6. increased insulin sensititvety 7. decreased insulin clearance (renal)
28
how to treat hypoglycemia
glucose
29
4 Sx of hyperglycemia
1. fluid intake and thisrt 2. frequent urination 3. high ketones (sweet breath) 4. glucosuria 5. rapid deep breath (acidosis) 6. high blood tonicity (results in K loss)
30
how does hyperglycemia cause retinal damage
glucose converted to sorbitol
31
how does hyperglycemia cause ketosis
excess fat breakdown leads to ketones
32
what happens when not enough glucose in cell
break down fat and protein instead
33
where does ketogenisis occur
in mitochondira when acetyl CoA levels rise
34
what are the 3 ketone bodies produced
1. acetoacetate 2. 3-hydroxybutyrate 3. acetone
35
what are ketone used for
alternative E source by bain, heart and muscle
36
how does body use ketone bodies as fuel
1 3-hydroxybutyrate converted to 2 actyl CoA
37
why does citric acid cycle slow without glucose
pyruvate not replensihed
38
what are consequences of high ketones
drop in blood pH - ketoacidosis
39
how is ketoacidosis treated
life threatening - bicarb injections
40
what is path of ketogenisis
1. no glucose so FFA are release from adipose 2. FFAs undergo B-oxidation in liver 3. ketone bodies formed
41
how does diabetes effect water balance
1. high glucose and ketone > hypertonicity 2. dehydration due to hypertonicity 3. polyuria to get rid of water in blood 4. water loss leads to hypotension 5. low BP can lead to loss of consciousness 6. kidney failure due to excessive processing