SI LEC - Scientists

Question 1

discovered remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox & immunity to smallpox.

Answer 1

EDWARD JENNER

Question 2

: accidently found out that older cultures would not cause a disease in chickens. .

Answer 2

LOUIS PASTEUR

Question 3

He subsequently injected more virulent organisms & had no effect on birds previously exposed to older cultures

Answer 3

LOUIS PASTEUR

Question 4

the first attenuated vaccines was discovered & later on he applied the principle of attenuation to the prevention of rabies.

Answer 4

LOUIS PASTEUR

Question 5

He called this process of making the organism avirulent,

Answer 5

attenuation

Question 6

He injected material from cowpox postules to the skin of person who had not smallpox. He called this .

Answer 6

procedure vaccination

Question 7

: introduced the term phagocytosis after observing foreign objects in a transparent starfish larvae surrounded & destroyed by motile cells.

Answer 7

ELLIE METCHNIKOFF

Question 8

He hypothesized that immunity to disease was based on the action of these scavenger cells.

Answer 8

ELLIE METCHNIKOFF

Question 9

demonstrated that for an antibody to lyse or destroy bacteria, a second thermolabile factor or series of nonspecific protein substance found in normal human serum causes this phenomenon. He called this nonspecific substance, complement.

Answer 9

JULES BORDET

Question 10

develop diphtheria & tetanus antitoxins neutralizing diphtheria & tetanus toxins.

Answer 10

EMIL VON BEHRING & SHISABURO KITASATO:

Question 11

Foundation of serotherapy.

Answer 11

EMIL VON BEHRING & SHISABURO KITASATO

Question 12

postulated the cellular origin of antibodies.

Answer 12

PAUL EHRLICH:

Question 13

He said that cells have side chain projections used not only for nutrition but also programmed to release a specific protein during an encounter with an antigen.

Answer 13

PAUL EHRLICH:

Question 14

He called this phenomenon key in lock interaction. He formulated the side chain theory of antibody formation.

Answer 14

PAUL EHRLICH:

Question 15

provided evidence that an immune response could be damaging as well as beneficial by showing anaphylaxis as immunologic reaction.

Answer 15

CHARLES RICHET & PAUL PORTIER:

Question 16

They worked on ways of desentisizing animals to the sting of Actinaria, a jellyfish.

Answer 16

CHARLES RICHET & PAUL PORTIER:

Question 17

They were trying to alleviate or suppress allergic of hypersensitivity reaction by injecting the same antigen at increasing doses, instead anaphylaxis developed after the second injection of the same antigen or same glycerin extract obtained from tentacles of the jellyfish.

Answer 17

CHARLES RICHET & PAUL PORTIER:

Question 18

linked the two theories by showing that humoral & cellular factors were involved in a normal immune response. This observation gave him the idea that

Answer 18

ALMONTH WRIGHT:

Question 19

He observed that humoral or circulating factors called opsonins coated bacteria rendering them susceptible to phagocytosis.

Answer 19

ALMONTH WRIGHT:

Question 20

serum factors were formed in response to exposure to foreign substances. He called these serum factors, antibodies.

Answer 20

ALMONTH WRIGHT:

Question 21

in addition to his discovery of delayed hypersensitivity reactions, introduced the immune phenomenon he studied – that immunity could be transferred from one animal to the other by means of serum.

Answer 21

CLEMENS VON PIRQUET:

Question 22

formulated the genetic theory of tumor transplantation

Answer 22

CLARENCE LITTLE:

Question 23

developed the quantitative precipitin assay, ushering in the era of quantitative immunochemistry.

Answer 23

MICHAEL HEIDELBERGER:

Question 24

introduced adjuvants

Answer 24

JULES FREUND:

Question 25

introduced fluorescence labeling of antibodies

Answer 25

ALBERT COONS:

Question 26

provided evidence for identity of the gene for blood group antigens with one gene for tumor resistance in mouse.

Answer 26

PETER GORER:

Question 27

provided evidence that antibodies are gamma globulins.

Answer 27

ARNE TISELIUS & ELVIN KABAT: