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Botany > CELLS - HISTO LEC > Flashcards

CELLS - HISTO LEC Flashcards

1
Q

Two Basic Parts of the Cell:

A
  1. Cytoplasm

2. Nucleus

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2
Q
  • metabolically active structures or complexes, with or without membranes, in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
A

Organelles

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3
Q

outermost component of the cell

-separates cytoplasm from extracellular environment

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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4
Q
  • defines the outer limit of the cell

- continuum exists between extracellular and intracellular macromolecules

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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5
Q
  • contains integrins

- made of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, oligosaccharide chains

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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6
Q
  • a selective barrier regulating passage of materials into and out of the cell
  • facilitates transport of molecules
A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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7
Q
  • range from 7.5 to 10 nm in thickness

- visible only in electron microscope

A

PLASMA MEMBRANE

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8
Q

consisting of two nonpolar long-chain fatty acids linked to a charged polar head bearing a phosphate group

A

Amphipathic –

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9
Q

*Phospholipids are most stable when organized into a

A

double layer (hydrophobic toward the middle).

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10
Q

*Phospholipids in each half of the bilayer are

A

different.

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11
Q

restricts movement of phospholipid fatty acids; stabilizes lipid bilayer

A

Cholesterol –

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12
Q

areas of less movement

-have higher concentrations of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids

A

Lipid rafts -

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13
Q

proteins/linkages which produce a continuous exchange of influences, in both directions, between ECM and cytoplasm

A

Integrins –

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14
Q

– fluid component of cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

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15
Q

– proteins which determine the shape and motility of eukaryotic cells

A

Cytoskeleton

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16
Q

minor cytoplasmic structures which are generally deposits of carbohydrates, lipids, or pigments

A

Inclusions –

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17
Q

outer lipids which include oligosaccharide chains that extend outward from the cell surface
-contribute to glycocalyx

A

Glycolipids –

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18
Q

– delicate cell surface coating formed by glycolipids

A

Glycocalyx

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19
Q

major constituent of membranes

A

Proteins –

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20
Q

TYPES OF PROTEINS

A
  • Integral
  • Peripheral
  • Multipass Transmembrane
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21
Q

– small electron-dense particles

  • all have 2 subunits of different sizes
  • act to catalyze the process of protein translation
A

Ribosomes

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22
Q

– extends from the surface of the nucleus to the cell membrane

  • encloses a cisternae
  • SINGLE MEMBRANE
A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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23
Q

series of intercommunicating channels and sacs

A

Cisterna –

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24
Q

Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum

A 
1.	Synthesis
•	SER – lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism
•	RER – protein synthesis 
2.	Transport
3.	Storage
4.	Detoxification
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25
Q

specialized for protein secretion

  • synthesizes and segregates proteins not destined for cytosol
  • initial glycosylation of glycoproteins
  • assembly of mutlichain proteins
  • granular, basophilic cytoplasmic surface due to the presence of polysomes
A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum –

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26
Q

not basophilic; best seen with TEM

  • More tubular
  • phospholipid synthesis
  • steroid synthesis
  • abundant in many liver cells
  • sequesters and releases Ca2+ (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
  • has enzymes for lipid and glycogen metabolism
A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum –

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27
Q

– completes posttranslational modifications of proteins synthesized in the RER
-packages and addresses these proteins to proper destinations

A

Golgi Apparatus or Golgi complex

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28
Q

GA is named after

A

-named after Camillo Golgi

29
Q

originated as condensing vesicles in GA
-found in cells that store a product until its release by exocytosis is signaled by a metabolic, hormonal or neural message

A

Secretory granules –

30
Q

secretory granules with dense contents of digestive enzymes

A

Zymogen granules –

31
Q

– sites of intracellular digestion and turnover of cellular components

A

Lysosomes

32
Q

-membrane-limited vesicles that contain about 40 different hydrolytic enzymes

A

Lysosomes

33
Q
  • abundant in cells with great phagocytic activity

- also function for autophagy

A

Lysosomes

34
Q

type of lysosome
– emerge from GA
-contain inactive acid hydrolases specific for degrading a wide variety of cellular macromolecules

A

Primary Lysosomes

35
Q

type of lysosome
more heterogenous lysosomes, having fused with vesicles produced by endocytosis that contain material to be digested by hydrolytic enzymes

A

Secondary lysosomes –

36
Q

removal of excess or nonfunctional organelles and other cytoplasmic structures

A

Autophagy –

37
Q

very small abundant protein complexes not associated with membrane

  • degrade denatured or nonfunctional polypeptides
  • remove proteins no longer needed by the cell
A

Proteasomes –

38
Q

– membrane-enclosed, elongated organelles with arrays of enzymes specialized for aerobic respiration and production of ATP

A

Mitochondria

39
Q

-cells which have high-energy metabolism have ____________mitochondria

A

abundant

40
Q

2 membranes of mitochondria

A

outer and inner

41
Q

membrane of mitochondria

porous; encloses the intermembrane space

A

outer

42
Q

membrane of mitochondria
many folds or cristae; encloses a gel-like matrix
-include enzyme assemblies of the electron-transport system and ATP synthase

A

Inner membrane –

43
Q

spherical organelles enclosed by a single membrane and named for their enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes –

44
Q

– complex array of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

A

Cytoskeleton

45
Q

semirigid tubular structures with walls composed of polymerized tubulin heterodimers

  • structure is often very dynamic
  • important in maintaining cell shape and as tracks for transport of vesicles and organelles
A

Microtubules –

46
Q

– directs polymerization of tubulins

-contain tubulin assemblies that act as nucleating sites for polymerization

A

Microtubule organizing centers

47
Q

dominant MTOC in most somatic cells; organized around centrioles (9+3)

A

Centrosome

48
Q

motor proteins that bind and move along actin filaments

A

Myosins –

49
Q

the most stable cytoskeletal component, conferring strong mechanical stability to cells

A

intermediate filaments –

50
Q

have little or no metabolic activity but contain accumulated metabolites or other substances not enclosed by membrane
-primarily storage sites

A

Cytoplasmic inclusions –

50
Q

Small membrane-bound sac
Transports or stores materials within cells
Pinch off from GA and move to the cell surface

A

Secretory vesicles

50
Q

Small membrane-bound sac
Transports or stores materials within cells
Pinch off from GA and move to the cell surface

A

Secretory vesicles

51
Q

Membrane bound vesicles formed from the GA

Contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellulat digestive system

A

Lysosomes

51
Q

Membrane bound vesicles formed from the GA

Contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellulat digestive system

A

Lysosomes

52
Q

Consists of proteins that support the cell
Hold organelles in place
Enable cell to change shape

A

Cytoskeletob

52
Q

Consists of proteins that support the cell
Hold organelles in place
Enable cell to change shape

A

Cytoskeletob

53
Q

Hollow structures formed fron protein subunits
Help support cell cytoplasm
Assist in cell division
Form components of cilia and flagella

A

Microtubules

53
Q

Hollow structures formed fron protein subunits
Help support cell cytoplasm
Assist in cell division
Form components of cilia and flagella

A

Microtubules

54
Q

Small fibrils from protein subunts that structurally support cytoplasm
Some are involved with cell movement

A

Microfilaments

54
Q

Small fibrils from protein subunts that structurally support cytoplasm
Some are involved with cell movement

A

Microfilaments

55
Q

Fibrila formed from protein subunits
Smaller than microtubules larger than microfilaments
Provide mechanical support

A

Intermediate filament

55
Q

Fibrila formed from protein subunits
Smaller than microtubules larger than microfilaments
Provide mechanical support

A

Intermediate filament

56
Q

Specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus

Where microtubule formation occurs

A

Centrosome

56
Q

Specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus

Where microtubule formation occurs

A

Centrosome

57
Q

Energy using proteins that interact with cytoskeletal elements to move cell parts or the whole cell

A

Motor proteins

58
Q

Microtubular config of cilia

A

9+3

59
Q

Microtubular config of flagella

A

9+2

60
Q

Intermediate filament proteins with particular biological, histological or pathological importance

A

Keratin
Vimentin
Lamins
Neurofilament

Botany (324 decks)

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