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Botany > GPHT LEC - Neoplasia > Flashcards

GPHT LEC - Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Means the process of“new growth”

A

neoplasia

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2
Q

new growth is called a __

A

neoplasm

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3
Q

neoplasm common name

A

tumor

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4
Q

– the study of tumors or neoplasms

A

Oncology

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5
Q

common term for all malignant tumor

A

cancer

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6
Q

means crab in latin

A

cancer

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7
Q

Abnormal mass of tissue

A

neoplasm

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8
Q

Growth exceeds and uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues

A

neoplasm

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9
Q

Persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of stimuli which evoked the change

A

neoplasm

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10
Q

Results from heritable genetic alterations that are passed down to the progeny of the tumor cells

A

neoplasm

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11
Q

Autonomous and progressive growth

A

neoplasm

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12
Q

Entire population of cells within a tumor arises from a single cell that has incurred a genetic change (clonal)

A

neoplasm

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13
Q

2 basic components of tumors (benign or malignant)

A

parenchyma

stroma/non-neoplastic stroma

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14
Q

basic components of tumors

made up of transformed or neoplastic cells

A

Parenchyma

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15
Q

basic components of tumors:

determines the biologic behavior of the neoplasm

A

Parenchyma

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16
Q

it is the component from which the tumor derives its name.

A

Parenchyma

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17
Q

basic components of tumors:

made up of connective tissue and blood vessels

A

Stroma / Non-neoplastic stroma

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18
Q

basic components of tumors:
carries the blood supply and provides support for the growth of parenchymal cells and is therefore crucial to the growth of the neoplasm.

A

Stroma / Non-neoplastic stroma

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19
Q

benign hollow cystic masses; typically they are seen in the ovary.

A

Cystadenomas

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20
Q

are benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface, that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds.

A

Papillomas

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21
Q

mass that projects above a mucosal surface, as in the gut, to form a macroscopically visible structure.

A

Polyp

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22
Q

Although polyps is commonly used for benign tumors, some malignant tumors may also appear as polyps. T OR F

A

TRUE

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23
Q

– this term is applied to benign epithelial neoplasms producing gland patterns and to those derived from glands but not necessarily exhibiting gland patterns.

A

Adenoma

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24
Q

A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from renal tubule cells and growing in glandlike patterns would be termed an , as would a mass of

A

adenoma

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25
Q

benign epithelial cells that produces no glandular patterns but has its origin in the adrenal cortex would be termed as

A

adenoma

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26
Q

– malignant neoplasms arising in mesenchymal tissue or its derivatives

A

Sarcomas

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27
Q

malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin with the consideration that the epithelia of the body are derived from all three germ layers

A

Carcinomas

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28
Q

all malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelia derived from all three germ layers are considered —

A

carcinomas

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29
Q
  • The mesoderm may give rise to carcinomas (epithelial) only. TRUE OR FALSE
A

FALSE. May be both

The mesoderm may give rise to carcinomas (epithelial) and sarcomas (mesenchymal)

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30
Q

– denotes a cancer in which the tumor cells resemble stratified squamous epithelium.

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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31
Q

a lesion in which the neoplastic epithelial cells grow in gland patterns.

A

Adenocarcinoma –

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32
Q

– tumors that grow in a very undifferentiated pattern

A

Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma

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33
Q

– tumors that may arise from stem cells that undergo divergent differentiation.

A

MIXED TUMORS

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34
Q

Best example of mixed tumor

A

Mixed tumor of salivary gland origin

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35
Q

originated from totipotential cells that are normally present in the ovary and testis and sometimes abnormally present in sequestered midline embryonic rests.

A

teratomas

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36
Q

Capable of differentiating into any of the cell types found in the adult body and so, may give rise to neoplasms that mimic, in a helter- skelter fashion, bits of bone, epithelium, muscle, fat, nerve, and other tissues.

A

Totipotential cells

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37
Q

type of teratoma

– less differentiated

A

Malignant (immature) teratoma

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38
Q

type of teratoma

– all the component parts are well differentiated

A

Benign (mature) teratoma

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39
Q

criteria for differentiating benign and malignant neoplasms

A
  • Differentiation and Anaplasia
  • Rate of Growth
  • Local Invasion
  • Metastasis
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40
Q

Extent to which neoplastic cells resemble comparable normal cells, both morphologically and functionally

A

DIFFERENTIATION

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41
Q

Lack of differentiation -

A

Anaplasia

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42
Q

MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA

A
  1. pleomorphism
  2. Abnormal nuclear morphology
  3. mitoses
  4. loss of polarity
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43
Q

MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA

– disturbed orientation of cells

A

Loss of polarity

44
Q

MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA

– reflects high proliferative activity of parenchymal cells

A

Mitoses

45
Q

MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA

– abundance of DNA and dark staining (hyperchromatic),

A

Abnormal nuclear morphology

46
Q

MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA

variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei

A

Pleomorphism

47
Q

MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA

increase nucleo- cytoplasmic ratio (1:1),

A

Abnormal nuclear morphology

48
Q

MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA

coarsely clumped chromatin,

A

Abnormal nuclear morphology

49
Q

MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA

large nucleoli

A

Abnormal nuclear morphology

50
Q

is a term used to describe disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation.
= encountered in the epithelia

A

DYSPLASIA

51
Q

= loss of uniformity of the individual cells and loss in their architectural orientation

A

DYSPLASIA

52
Q

Dysplasia is __ if factors (e.g. Smoking) are eliminated

A

Reversible

53
Q

– lesion marked by dysplastic changes involving the entire thickness of the epithelium, but NO INVASION OF BASAL EPITHELIUM

A

Carcinoma in situ

54
Q

Most reliable feature of malignancy

A

Metastasis

55
Q

MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS DISSEMINATE BY ONE OF THREE PATHWAYS:

A

Seeding within body cavities
Lymphatic spread
Hematogenous spread

56
Q

Way of dissemination

occur when neoplasms invade a natural body cavity.

A

SEEDING OF CANCERS

57
Q

Way of dissemination
Ex. carcinoma of the colon may penetrate the wall of the gut and reimplant at distant sites in the peritaoneal cavity

A

SEEDING OF CANCERS

58
Q

Way of dissemination

Ex. cancers of the ovary, cover the peritoneal surfaces

A

SEEDING OF CANCERS

59
Q

Way of dissemination

typical of carcinomas

A

LYMPHATIC SPREAD

60
Q

Way of dissemination

depends on the site of the primary neoplasm and the natural lymphatic pathways of drainage of the site

A

LYMPHATIC SPREAD

61
Q

Way of dissemination

Example: lung carcinomas arising in the respiratory passages

A

LYMPHATIC SPREAD

62
Q

Way of dissemination

typical for sarcomas

A

HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD

63
Q

are the most frequently involved secondary sites in hematogenous spread

A

LIVER and LUNGS

64
Q

Radiant energy causes what cancer??

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

65
Q

CLINICAL FEATURES OF TUMORS

symptom complexes in cancer patients that cannot be readily explained

A

Paraneoplastic syndromes

66
Q

CLINICAL FEATURES OF TUMORS

expansile growth can destroy adjacent structures, endocrine gland neoplasm elaborate hormones

A

Local and hormonal effects

67
Q

CLINICAL FEATURES OF TUMORS

progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by weakness, anorexia and anemia

A

Cancer cachexia

68
Q

GRADING AND STAGING OF TUMORS

Based on the degree of differentiation of tumor cells and the number of mitoses

A

Grading

69
Q

GRADING AND STAGING OF TUMORS

Based on the size of the primary lesion, extent of spread to regional lymph nodes, presence or absence of metastases

A

Staging

70
Q

The most common systems for staging employs the ___

A

TNM classification.

71
Q

A __ score is based upon the size and/or extent of invasion.

A

T

72
Q

The __ score indicates the extent of lymph node involvement.

A

“N”

73
Q

The __ score indicates whether distant metastases are present.

A

“M”

74
Q

Value of grading

A

as a guide for treatment

as a prognostic guide

75
Q 
Histologic and cytologic methods
Immunohistochemistry
Molecular diagnosis
Flow cytometry
Tumor markers
A

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF NEOPLASIA

76
Q

T or F

Tumor grows with age

A

F

77
Q

T or F

Moles are described as tumors

A

T

78
Q

T or F

Tumor may be a lesion or a neoplasia

A

T

79
Q

what cells: rapidly dividing, with increased energy demand, causes the patient to be wasted/thin

A

cancer cells

80
Q

tumors which can be as large as the person

A

bone tumors

81
Q

T or F

Benign tumors kill the host

A

F

82
Q

Suffix attached to benign tumors of mesenchymal origin

A

“oma”

83
Q

basis of nomenclature for benign epithelial tumors (3)

A

macroscopic pattern
microscopic pattern
cells of origin

84
Q

benign tumor consisting of cystic glands

A

cystadenoma

85
Q

term for glands

A

adenoma

86
Q

term for finger-like projections

A

papilla

87
Q

benign tumor, with finger-like projections in the stratified squamous
what is the name

A

squamous papilloma

88
Q

benign tumor, with finger-like projections in the transitional epithelium
what is the name

A

transitional papilloma

89
Q

benign tumor, with finger-like projections in the cuboidal or columnar
what is the name

A

no such thing

90
Q

T or F

Polyps are microscopically visible only

A

F

91
Q

T or F

Malignant tumors may also appear as polyps

A

T

92
Q

T or F

Polyps are commonly used for benign tumors

A

T

93
Q

Term used to indicate non-neoplastic growth that form polyploid masses

A

Polyps

94
Q

Type of polyp with a stalk/ attached to the lining of epithelium

A

pedunculated polyp

95
Q

Type of polyp without a stalk just a bump

A

Sessile polyp

96
Q

Nomenclature

benign epithelial neoplasm from renal tubule cells, growing in glandlike patterns

A

Adenoma

97
Q

Nomenclature

benign epithelial neoplasm, no glandular patterns produced, originates in adrenal cortex

A

Adenoma

98
Q

Sarcomas are designated by __

A

histogenesis (cell type of which they are composed)

99
Q

germ layer which produced the skin

A

ectoderm

100
Q

germ layer which produced the renal tubular epithelium

A

mesoderm

101
Q

germ layer which produced the lining epithelium of gut

A

endoderm

102
Q

malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelia derived from all 3 germ layers are considered

A

carcinoma

103
Q

mesoderm may give rise to what kinds of malignant tumors

A

carcinoma (epithelial)

sarcoma (mesenchymal)

104
Q

germ layer which gives rise to both carcinomas and sarcomas

A

mesoderm

105
Q

tetratomas normally present in what organs/body part

A

ovary and testis

106
Q

tetratomas abnormally present in ___

A

sequestered midline embryonic rests

107
Q

common epithelium formed in teratomas

A

stratified squamous

Botany (324 decks)

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