GPHT LEC - Neoplasia Flashcards
Means the process of“new growth”
neoplasia
new growth is called a __
neoplasm
neoplasm common name
tumor
– the study of tumors or neoplasms
Oncology
common term for all malignant tumor
cancer
means crab in latin
cancer
Abnormal mass of tissue
neoplasm
Growth exceeds and uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues
neoplasm
Persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of stimuli which evoked the change
neoplasm
Results from heritable genetic alterations that are passed down to the progeny of the tumor cells
neoplasm
Autonomous and progressive growth
neoplasm
Entire population of cells within a tumor arises from a single cell that has incurred a genetic change (clonal)
neoplasm
2 basic components of tumors (benign or malignant)
parenchyma
stroma/non-neoplastic stroma
basic components of tumors
made up of transformed or neoplastic cells
Parenchyma
basic components of tumors:
determines the biologic behavior of the neoplasm
Parenchyma
it is the component from which the tumor derives its name.
Parenchyma
basic components of tumors:
made up of connective tissue and blood vessels
Stroma / Non-neoplastic stroma
basic components of tumors:
carries the blood supply and provides support for the growth of parenchymal cells and is therefore crucial to the growth of the neoplasm.
Stroma / Non-neoplastic stroma
benign hollow cystic masses; typically they are seen in the ovary.
Cystadenomas
are benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface, that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds.
Papillomas
mass that projects above a mucosal surface, as in the gut, to form a macroscopically visible structure.
Polyp
Although polyps is commonly used for benign tumors, some malignant tumors may also appear as polyps. T OR F
TRUE
– this term is applied to benign epithelial neoplasms producing gland patterns and to those derived from glands but not necessarily exhibiting gland patterns.
Adenoma
A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from renal tubule cells and growing in glandlike patterns would be termed an , as would a mass of
adenoma
benign epithelial cells that produces no glandular patterns but has its origin in the adrenal cortex would be termed as
adenoma
– malignant neoplasms arising in mesenchymal tissue or its derivatives
Sarcomas
malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin with the consideration that the epithelia of the body are derived from all three germ layers
Carcinomas
all malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelia derived from all three germ layers are considered —
carcinomas
- The mesoderm may give rise to carcinomas (epithelial) only. TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE. May be both
The mesoderm may give rise to carcinomas (epithelial) and sarcomas (mesenchymal)
– denotes a cancer in which the tumor cells resemble stratified squamous epithelium.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
a lesion in which the neoplastic epithelial cells grow in gland patterns.
Adenocarcinoma –
– tumors that grow in a very undifferentiated pattern
Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma
– tumors that may arise from stem cells that undergo divergent differentiation.
MIXED TUMORS
Best example of mixed tumor
Mixed tumor of salivary gland origin
originated from totipotential cells that are normally present in the ovary and testis and sometimes abnormally present in sequestered midline embryonic rests.
teratomas
Capable of differentiating into any of the cell types found in the adult body and so, may give rise to neoplasms that mimic, in a helter- skelter fashion, bits of bone, epithelium, muscle, fat, nerve, and other tissues.
Totipotential cells
type of teratoma
– less differentiated
Malignant (immature) teratoma
type of teratoma
– all the component parts are well differentiated
Benign (mature) teratoma
criteria for differentiating benign and malignant neoplasms
- Differentiation and Anaplasia
- Rate of Growth
- Local Invasion
- Metastasis
Extent to which neoplastic cells resemble comparable normal cells, both morphologically and functionally
DIFFERENTIATION
Lack of differentiation -
Anaplasia
MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA
- pleomorphism
- Abnormal nuclear morphology
- mitoses
- loss of polarity
MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA
– disturbed orientation of cells
Loss of polarity
MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA
– reflects high proliferative activity of parenchymal cells
Mitoses
MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA
– abundance of DNA and dark staining (hyperchromatic),
Abnormal nuclear morphology
MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA
variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei
Pleomorphism
MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA
increase nucleo- cytoplasmic ratio (1:1),
Abnormal nuclear morphology
MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA
coarsely clumped chromatin,
Abnormal nuclear morphology
MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN ANAPLASIA
large nucleoli
Abnormal nuclear morphology
is a term used to describe disorderly but non-neoplastic proliferation.
= encountered in the epithelia
DYSPLASIA
= loss of uniformity of the individual cells and loss in their architectural orientation
DYSPLASIA
Dysplasia is __ if factors (e.g. Smoking) are eliminated
Reversible
– lesion marked by dysplastic changes involving the entire thickness of the epithelium, but NO INVASION OF BASAL EPITHELIUM
Carcinoma in situ
Most reliable feature of malignancy
Metastasis
MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS DISSEMINATE BY ONE OF THREE PATHWAYS:
Seeding within body cavities
Lymphatic spread
Hematogenous spread
Way of dissemination
occur when neoplasms invade a natural body cavity.
SEEDING OF CANCERS
Way of dissemination
Ex. carcinoma of the colon may penetrate the wall of the gut and reimplant at distant sites in the peritaoneal cavity
SEEDING OF CANCERS
Way of dissemination
Ex. cancers of the ovary, cover the peritoneal surfaces
SEEDING OF CANCERS
Way of dissemination
typical of carcinomas
LYMPHATIC SPREAD
Way of dissemination
depends on the site of the primary neoplasm and the natural lymphatic pathways of drainage of the site
LYMPHATIC SPREAD
Way of dissemination
Example: lung carcinomas arising in the respiratory passages
LYMPHATIC SPREAD
Way of dissemination
typical for sarcomas
HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD
are the most frequently involved secondary sites in hematogenous spread
LIVER and LUNGS
Radiant energy causes what cancer??
Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
CLINICAL FEATURES OF TUMORS
symptom complexes in cancer patients that cannot be readily explained
Paraneoplastic syndromes
CLINICAL FEATURES OF TUMORS
expansile growth can destroy adjacent structures, endocrine gland neoplasm elaborate hormones
Local and hormonal effects
CLINICAL FEATURES OF TUMORS
progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by weakness, anorexia and anemia
Cancer cachexia
GRADING AND STAGING OF TUMORS
Based on the degree of differentiation of tumor cells and the number of mitoses
Grading
GRADING AND STAGING OF TUMORS
Based on the size of the primary lesion, extent of spread to regional lymph nodes, presence or absence of metastases
Staging
The most common systems for staging employs the ___
TNM classification.
A __ score is based upon the size and/or extent of invasion.
T
The __ score indicates the extent of lymph node involvement.
“N”
The __ score indicates whether distant metastases are present.
“M”
Value of grading
as a guide for treatment
as a prognostic guide
Histologic and cytologic methods Immunohistochemistry Molecular diagnosis Flow cytometry Tumor markers
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF NEOPLASIA
T or F
Tumor grows with age
F
T or F
Moles are described as tumors
T
T or F
Tumor may be a lesion or a neoplasia
T
what cells: rapidly dividing, with increased energy demand, causes the patient to be wasted/thin
cancer cells
tumors which can be as large as the person
bone tumors
T or F
Benign tumors kill the host
F
Suffix attached to benign tumors of mesenchymal origin
“oma”
basis of nomenclature for benign epithelial tumors (3)
macroscopic pattern
microscopic pattern
cells of origin
benign tumor consisting of cystic glands
cystadenoma
term for glands
adenoma
term for finger-like projections
papilla
benign tumor, with finger-like projections in the stratified squamous
what is the name
squamous papilloma
benign tumor, with finger-like projections in the transitional epithelium
what is the name
transitional papilloma
benign tumor, with finger-like projections in the cuboidal or columnar
what is the name
no such thing
T or F
Polyps are microscopically visible only
F
T or F
Malignant tumors may also appear as polyps
T
T or F
Polyps are commonly used for benign tumors
T
Term used to indicate non-neoplastic growth that form polyploid masses
Polyps
Type of polyp with a stalk/ attached to the lining of epithelium
pedunculated polyp
Type of polyp without a stalk just a bump
Sessile polyp
Nomenclature
benign epithelial neoplasm from renal tubule cells, growing in glandlike patterns
Adenoma
Nomenclature
benign epithelial neoplasm, no glandular patterns produced, originates in adrenal cortex
Adenoma
Sarcomas are designated by __
histogenesis (cell type of which they are composed)
germ layer which produced the skin
ectoderm
germ layer which produced the renal tubular epithelium
mesoderm
germ layer which produced the lining epithelium of gut
endoderm
malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelia derived from all 3 germ layers are considered
carcinoma
mesoderm may give rise to what kinds of malignant tumors
carcinoma (epithelial)
sarcoma (mesenchymal)
germ layer which gives rise to both carcinomas and sarcomas
mesoderm
tetratomas normally present in what organs/body part
ovary and testis
tetratomas abnormally present in ___
sequestered midline embryonic rests
common epithelium formed in teratomas
stratified squamous
