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Botany > AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY > Flashcards

AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

T1 - T12

L1 - L5

A

Sympathetic/Thoracolumbar

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2
Q

CN 3,7,9,10

S2-S4

A

Parasympathetic

Craniosacral

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3
Q

SYMPATHETIC (SANS)

Preganglionic fibers originate from

A

Thoracic (T1 -T12) segments of the cord

Lumbar (L1 -L5) segments of the cord

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4
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC (PANS)

Preganglionic motor fibers originate from

A 
Cranial nerve nuclei III, VII, IX and X
Sacral segments (S2-S4)
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5
Q

Preganglionic fibers are short and the

postganglionic fibers are long

A

SYMPATHETIC

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6
Q

Few (prevertebral) on the anterior aspect of the

aorta

A

SYMPATHETIC

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7
Q

Most of the ganglia are located in 2 paravertebral

chains that lie along the spinal cord

A

SYMPATHETIC

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8
Q

Most of the ganglia are located in the organs

innervated, most distant from the spinal cord

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

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9
Q

Preganglionic fibers are long and the

postganglionic fibers are short

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

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10
Q

NEUROTRANSMITTERS (NTAs)

4 FEATURES

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Storage
  3. Release
  4. Termination of action
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11
Q

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

TERMINATION OF ACTION

A

By metabolism
-Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
-Cathecol-o-methly transferase (COMT)
Diffuse away from the synaptic cleft and get metabolized elsewhere

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12
Q

A nerve ending that releases acetylcholine as
the primary transmitter
Also a synapse in which acetylcholine is the
primary transmitter

A

CHOLINERGIC

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13
Q

A nerve ending that releases norepinephrine as
the primary transmitter
Also a synapse in which norepinephrine is the
primary transmitter

A

ADRENERGIC

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14
Q

All preganglionic fibers are

A

cholinergic

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15
Q

All postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are

A

cholinergic

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16
Q

A few postganglionic sympathetic fibers are

A

cholinergic

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17
Q

Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers are

A

adrenergic

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18
Q

Exception: Postganglionic sympathetic fibers

are

A

cholinergic

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19
Q

Adrenal cortex and medulla
Ductless gland that functions as a ganglion
Postganglionic fibers are cholinergic

A

ADRENAL GLAND

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20
Q

Inhibits transport/synthesis of ACh into the cell

A

HEMICHOLINIUM

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21
Q

Inhibits storage of ACh into the vesicle

A

VESAMICOL

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22
Q

Inhibits the release of ACh

A

BOTULINUM TOXIN

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23
Q 
These drugs (Hemicholinium, vesamicol, botulinum toxin) are not very useful for systemic therapy
because their
A

effects are not sufficiently selective

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24
Q

Inhibits the synthesis of NE

A

METYROSINE

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25
Q

Inhibits the storage of NE

A

RESERPINE

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26
Q

These drugs (METYROSINE, RESERPINE, GUANETHEDINE, MAO I) have been used in several diseases because

A

they block sympathetic but not parasympathetic functions

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27
Q

Inhibits release of NE

A

GUANETHEDINE

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28
Q

Inhibits metabolism of NE

A

MAO I

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29
Q

Other transmitter molecules in addition to the
primary agents (ACh or NE)
Contained in many autonomic nerves
Localized in the same vesicle as the primary
transmitter or in a separate population of vesicles
Involved in the modulation of synaptic
transmission

A

COTRANSMITTERS

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30
Q 
ATP
Enkephalins
VIP
Neuropeptide Y
Substance P
Somatostatin
Neurotensin
A

COTRANSMITTERS

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31
Q

RECEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS

Also referred as cholinergic receptors
Respond to ACh and its analogs

A

A. CHOLINOCEPTORS

32
Q

A. CHOLINOCEPTORS

Subdivided into

A
  1. MUSCARINIC receptors

2. NICOTINIC receptors

33
Q

A. CHOLINOCEPTORS

Respond to muscarine (an alkaloid)
Respond to ACh
Mimics the effects of parasympathetic
G-protein coupled

A
  1. MUSCARINIC receptors
34
Q 
Located primarily on autonomic effector cells
Heart
Blood vessels
Smooth muscles
Presynaptic nerve terminals
Exocrine glands
A
  1. MUSCARINIC receptors
35
Q

3 subtypes of muscarinic receptors are important in peripheral autonomic
transmission

A

M1-nerve endings
M2-heart, some nerve endings
M3-effector cells, smooth muscle, exocrine
glands, endothelium

36
Q

A. CHOLINOCEPTORS

2. NICOTINIC receptors

A

Respond to ACh
Respond to nicotine (another ACh mimic)
Do not respond to muscarine
Ligand-gated

37
Q

A. CHOLINOCEPTORS
2. NICOTINIC receptors
2 major subtypes:

A

Nn-neuronal (ANS ganglia)

Nm-neuromuscular endplate (skeletal muscle)

38
Q

TYPE OF CHOLINOCEPTORS
Nerve endings
G-coupled
Increase IP3

A

M1

39
Q 
TYPE OF CHOLINOCEPTORS
Heart, some nerve endings 
G-coupled 
Decrease cAMP,
activates K+ channel
A

M2

40
Q 
TYPE OF CHOLINOCEPTORS
Effector cells, smooth
muscle, glands, endothelium
G-coupled 
Increase IP3
A

M3

41
Q 
TYPE OF CHOLINOCEPTORS
ANS ganglia 
Ion channel 
Depolarizes, evokes
action potential
A

Nn

42
Q 
TYPE OF CHOLINOCEPTORS
Neuromuscular end plates 
Ion channel 
Depolarizes, evokes
action potential
A

Nm

43
Q

RECEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS

Also referred as adrenergic receptors
Respond to NE
G-protein coupled

A

B. ADRENOCEPTORS

44
Q

B. ADRENOCEPTORS

Subdivided into

A
  1. ALPHA receptors

2. BETA receptors

45
Q

ALPHA receptors

Located in

A 
Blood vessels
Presynaptic nerve terminals
Blood platelets
Fat cells (lipocytes)
Neurons in the brain
46
Q

ALPHA receptors
2 subtypes
effector tissues, smooth muscles, glands

A

ALPHA1-

47
Q

ALPHA receptors
2 subtypes
nerve endings, some smooth
muscles

A

ALPHA2-

48
Q

ADRENOCEPTORS
2. BETA receptors
Located on

A 
Most types of smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Some presynaptic nerve terminal
Lipocytes
Brain
49
Q

BETA receptors

3 major subtypes

A

BETA1-heart and kidney
BETA2-lungs, uterus, liver, heart
BETA3-fat or adipose tissue

50
Q 
Type of Adrenoceptor
Effector tissues, smooth muscle,glands
G- 
Increase IP3
Increase Ca2+ ,causes contraction, secretion
A

Alpha1

51
Q 
Type of Adrenoceptor
Nerve endings, some smooth muscle
G- Decrease
cAMP
Decrease transmitter release, causes
contraction
A

Alpha2

52
Q 
Type of Adrenoceptor
Cardiac muscle, kidney
G- 
Increase cAMP
Increase heart rate, force, increase renin release
A

Beta1

53
Q 
Type of Adrenoceptor
Lungs, uterus, heart
 G- 
Increase cAMP
Relax smooth muscle,
increase glycogenolysis,
increase HR, force
A

Beta2

54
Q 
Type of Adrenoceptor
Adipose cells 
G- 
Increase cAMP
Increase lipolysis
A

Beta 3

55
Q

Predominant state in any situation

A

CENTRAL INTEGRATION

56
Q

CENTRAL INTEGRATION

Ergotrophic (energy expenditure)
”Fight or flight” response

A

SYMPATHETIC

57
Q

CENTRAL INTEGRATION

Tropotrophic (energy saving)
Leading to growth
”Rest and digest

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

58
Q

Principle of negative feedback control
Alpha receptors located on noradrenergic
terminals which are activated by NE and other
similar molecules
Activation diminishes further the release of NE
from these nerve endings

A

PRESYNAPTIC REGULATION

59
Q

PRESYNAPTIC REGULATION

Presynaptic receptors that respond to
transmitter substances released by the
nerve endings and thereby regulate its
release

A

AUTORECEPTORS

60
Q 
Up- and down-regulation are known to
occur in response to decreased or
increased activation of the receptors
Up regulation (agonist)
Down regulation (antagonist)
A

POSTSYNAPTIC REGULATION

61
Q

Transmission involves different mechanisms
in different segments of the ANS
Some drugs produce highly specific effects
Others drugs are much less selective in their
actions

A

PHARMACOLOGIC MODIFICATION OF

AUTONOMIC FUNCTION

62
Q

PHARMACOLOGIC MODIFICATION OF
AUTONOMIC FUNCTION

Drug that block action potential
Very nonselective
Act on the process that is common to all
neurons

A

LOCAL ANESTHETICS

63
Q

PHARMACOLOGIC MODIFICATION OF
AUTONOMIC FUNCTION
Drugs that act on the biochemical processes
involved in transmitter synthesis and storage
are more —-

A

selective

64
Q

Promote the release of NE

Effect is sympathetic

A

TYRAMINE AND AMPHETAMINE

65
Q

Blocks uptake of ACh

Slows synthesis of ACh

A

HEMICHOLINIUM

66
Q

Prevents storage of ACh

A

VESAMICOL

67
Q

Prevents release ACh

A

BOTULINUM TOXIN

68
Q 
Binds alpha receptors
Causes activation (agonist)
A

NOREPHINEPHRINE

69
Q 
Binds alpha receptors
Prevents activation (antagonist)
A

PHENTOLAMINE

70
Q

Binds beta receptors

Activates adenyl cyclase (agonist)

A

ISOPROTERENOL

71
Q 
Binds to beta receptors
Prevents activation (antagonist)
A

PROPRANOLOL

72
Q

Causes skeletal muscle contraction

agonist

A

NICOTINE

73
Q

Prevents skeletal muscle contraction

antagonist

A

TUBOCURARINE

74
Q

Binds muscarinic receptors

Activates (agonist)

A

BETANECHOL

75
Q

Binds muscarinic recepto

Prevents activation

A

ATROPINE

76
Q

Inhibits enzyme acetylcholinesterase

Prolongs and intensifies transmitter action

A

NEOSTIGMINE

77
Q

Inhibits MAO

Increases stored transmitter pool

A

TRANYLCYPROMINE

Botany (324 decks)

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