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Botany > LYMPHATIC > Flashcards

LYMPHATIC Flashcards

1
Q

lymph, lymphocytes, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus

  • does not circulate fluid to and from tissues
  • carries fluid in one direction, from tissues to circulatory system
  • most fluid returns to blood, some move into lymphatic capillaries to become lymph
A

lymphatic system

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2
Q

tiny, close-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium

  • more permeable than blood capillaries because they lack a basement membrane
  • its overlapping squamous cells act as valves (prevent backflow of fluid)
  • present in most tissues except CNS, bone marrow, tissues without blood vessels (epidermis & cartilage)
  • join to form lymphatic vessels
A

lymphatic capillaries

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3
Q

resemble small veins

  • small LV have beaded appearance because they have one-way valves
  • when compressed, valves prevent backward movement, causing lymph to move forward
  • converge and empty into the blood at two locations:
A

lymphatic vessels

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4
Q

– tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

A

LYMPHATIC ORGANS

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5
Q

– lymphocytes and other cells

A

LYMPHATIC TISSUE

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6
Q

form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue around the openings between the nasal and oral cavities and pharynx
-protect against pathogens and other potentially harmful material entering from the nose and mouth

A

tonsils

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7
Q

form interlaced network that holds the lymphocytes and other cells in place
-traps microorganisms and other items in the fluid when lymph or blood filters through lymphatic organs

A

reticular fiber

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8
Q

iginate from red bone marrow and are carried by blood to lymphatic organs
-divide and increase in number when the body is exposed to microorganisms or foreign substances

A

lymphocytes

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9
Q

posterior opening of the oral cavity, “the tonsils”

A

PALATINE

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10
Q

– near the internal opening, called adenoids when enlarged

A

PHARYNGEAL

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11
Q

posterior surface of the tongue

A
  1. Lingual
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12
Q

rounded structures

  • distributed along various lymphatic vessels
  • where lymph passes before entering the blood
A

LYMPH NODES

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13
Q

3 Superficial Aggregations of Lymph Nodes on each side of the body

A
  1. Inguinal nodes – groin
  2. Axillary nodes – axilla
  3. Cervical nodes – neck
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14
Q

– dense CT surrounding each node

A

CAPSULE

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15
Q

subdivide a lymph node into compartments containing lymphatic tissue and sinuses

A

Trabeculae

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16
Q

dense aggregations of tissue

A

LYMPH ATIC NODULES

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17
Q

spaces between lymphatic tissue containing macrophages

A

LYMPH ATIC sinuses

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18
Q

– lymphatic nodules containing rapidly dividing lymphocytes

A

germinal; centers

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19
Q

– clenched fist, left, superior corner of the abdominal cavity

  • outer capsule of dense CT and some smooth muscle
  • divided into compartments by trabeculae
  • filters blood instead of lymph
  • detect and respond to foreign substances in the blood & destroy worn-out rbc
  • blood reservoir (used in emergency situations, little blood only)
A

spleen

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20
Q

part of spleen

lymphatic tissue surrounding arteries within the spleen

A

white pulp

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21
Q

– associated with veins

-a fibrous network filled with macrophages and RBC, enlarged capillaries connecting to veins

A

red pulp

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22
Q
  • bilobed gland, triangular in shape
  • in superior mediastinum
  • each lobe surrounded by capsule
  • divided into lobules by trabeculae
  • site for maturation of T cells
A

thymus

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23
Q

– near the capsule and trabeculae

-dark-staining areas formed by numerous lymphocytes

A

cortex

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24
Q

– lighter-staining central portion with fewer lymphocytes

A

medulla

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25
Q

-ability to resist damage from foreign substances, harmful chemicals and internal threats

A

IMMUNITY

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26
Q

body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances

-response is same each time the body is exposed

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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27
Q

– body recognizes and destroys foreign substances

-response improves each time the foreign substance is encountered

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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28
Q

ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance

A

SPECIFICITY

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29
Q

ability of adaptive immunity to remember previous encounters with a particular substances

A

MEMORY

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30
Q

INNATE IMMUNITY WHICH prevent microorganisms and chemicals from entering the body in 2 ways:

A

PHYSICAL BARRIERS

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31
Q

HOW PHYSICAL BARRIERS prevent microorganisms and chemicals from entering the body

A
  1. Skin and mucous membrane form barriers

2. Tears, saliva, and urine was substances

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32
Q

-molecules responsible for many aspects of innate immunity

A

CHEMICAL MEDIATORS

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33
Q

– group of approximately 20 proteins found in plasma

  • normally, they circulate in blood in an inactive form
  • activated by combining with foreign substances, such as parts of a bacterial cells
  • activated by combining with antibodies
  • once activation begins, a series of reactions results, in which complement protein activates the next
  • once activated, certain complement proteins promote inflammation and phagocytosis and can directly lyse bacterial cells
A

COMPLEMENT

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34
Q

proteins that protect the body against viral infections

  • produced when virus stimulate infected cells to produce interferons
  • do not protect the cell that produces them
  • bind to surface of neighboring cells, and stimulate them to produce antiviral proteins
  • antiviral proteins prevent production of new viral nucleic acids and proteins
  • some play a role in activating immune cells
A

INTERFERONS

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35
Q

most important cellular components of immunity

  • produced in red bone marrow & lymphatic tissue
  • released into the blood
  • attracted by chemicals released from microorganisms or damaged tissues (complement, leukotrienes, kinins, histamine)
A

WBC

36
Q

movement of WBC towards those chemicals

A

CHEMOTAXIS

37
Q

ingestion & destruction of particles by cells called phagocytES

A

phagocytosis

38
Q

small phagocytic cells

  • first cells to enter infected tissues from blood in large numbers
  • release chemical signals that increase inflammatory response by recruiting and activating other immune cells
  • often die after phagocytizing single microorganism
A

neutrophil

39
Q

monocytes that leave the blood, enter tissues, enlarge about fivefold

  • dust cells (lungs), Kupffer cells (liver), microglia (CNS), Langerhan cells (skin)
  • can ingest more and large items than neutrophils
  • responsible for most of the phagocytic activity in late stages of infection
  • cleans up dead neutrophils and other debris
  • found in uninfected tissues to phagocytize mircroorganisms before they can replicate or cause damage; located at potential points
A

macrophage

40
Q

monocytes and macrophages

-phagocytes with a single, unlobed nucleus

A

MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM

41
Q

derived from red bone marrow

-motile, WBC that can leave the blood and enter infected tissues

A

basophil

42
Q

derived from red bone marrow

  • non-motile cells in CT, near capillaries
  • like macrophages, located at potential points
A

mast cells

43
Q
  1. participate in inflammation associated with allergies and asthma
A

EOSINOPHILS –

44
Q

type of lymphocyte produced in red bone marrow

  • account for up to 15% of lymphocytes
  • recognize classes of cells (tumor or virus-infected cells)
A

NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

45
Q
  • process of releasing chemical mediators and attracting phagocytes and other WBC
  • continues until bacteria are destroyed
A

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

46
Q

inflammatory response confined to specific area of the body

A

LOCAL INFLAMMATION

47
Q

inflammatory response generally distributed throughout the body
-also show the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation plus the ff:

A

SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION

48
Q

substances that stimulate adaptive immune responses

A

ANTIGENS

49
Q

2 GROUPS OF ANTIGENS

A

FOREIGN

SELF-ANTIGEN

50
Q

ANTIGENS introduced from outside the body

-Ex: microorganisms

A

FOREIGN

51
Q

– overreaction of the immune system

A

ALLERGIC RXN

52
Q

– molecules the body produces to stimulate an immune system response
-response can be beneficial or harmful

A

SELF-ANTIGEN

53
Q

– self-antigens stimulate unwanted destruction of normal tissue

A

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

54
Q

2 Types of Adaptive Immunity

A

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED

CELL-MEDIATED

55
Q

lymphocytes

produced in the blood, and trained in thymus

A

T cells

56
Q

lymphocytes

trained in bone marrow

A

B cells

57
Q

*There are___ T cells for every ____ B cell.

A

5:1

58
Q

small groups of identical B cells or T cells, formed during embryonic development

  • derived from a single unique T cell or B cell
  • each can respond to only a particular antigen
  • response to self-antigen is suppressed because it could destroy the body’s own cells
  • have identical antigen receptors
A

clones

59
Q

For the adaptive response of B cells or T cells to be effective, the following must occur

A
  1. Antigen recognition by lymphocytes

2. Proliferation of lymphocytes recognizing the antigen

60
Q

– proteins of lymphocytes on their surface (B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors)
-binds only to a specific antigen

A

ANTIGEN RECEPTORS

61
Q

glycoproteins that have binding sites for antigens

-serving trays that hold and present a processed antigen

A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX(MHC) MOLECULES

62
Q

MHC on membranes of most nucleated cells

A

• MHC CLASS I –

63
Q

MHC on membranes of antigen-presenting cells, B cells, lymphocytes

A

MHC CLASSII

64
Q

necessary to aid first signal in producing a response

-can be achieved by CYTOKINES

A

COSTIMULATION

65
Q

cytokine released by macrophages that can stimulate helper T cells

A

INTERLEUKIN - 1

66
Q

glycoproteins of helper T Cells

  • help connect helper T cells to macrophage by binding to MHC Class II molecules
  • also bound by virus that causes AIDS
A

CD4

67
Q

– glycoproteins of cytotoxic T cells

-helps connect cytotoxic T cells to cells displaying MHC Class I molecules

A

CD8

68
Q

TYPE OF IMMUNITY -effective against extracellular antigens because antibodies are in body fluids

A

ANTIBODY MEDIATED

69
Q

proteins produced in response to an antigen

-Y-shaped molecules consisting of 4 polypeptide chains: 2 identical heavy chains & 2 identical light chains

A

ANTIBODIES

70
Q

-are sometimes called gamma globulins because they are mostly found in gamma globulin part of plasma

A

ANTIBODIES

71
Q

-are sometimes called immunoglobulins because they globulins involved in immunity

A

ANTIBODIES

72
Q

PART OF ANTIBODY
– end of each arm of the antibody
-part that combines with antigen
-join only with a particular antigen

A

VARIABLE REGION

73
Q

PART OF ANTIBODY
rest of the antibody
-has several functions

A

CONSYTANT REGION

74
Q

EFFECT OF ANTIBODIES
occur when a single antibody binds to an antigen and inactivates the antigen
-or when many antigens are bound together and are inactivated by many antibodies

A

DIRECT

75
Q

EFFECT OF ANTIBODIES
– constant region of the antibody activates other mechanisms that destroy antigen, after antibody has attached to antigen via variable region

A

INDIREC

76
Q

TYPE OF RESPONSE
– results from the first exposure of a B cell to an antigen
-3-14 days to produce enough antibodies to be effective against antigen
-in the meantime, disease symptoms develop

A

PRIMARY RESPONSE

77
Q

responsible for secondary response

A

MEMORY B CELLS

78
Q

occurs when immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response

  • antigen is quickly destroyed, no disease symptoms, person is immune
  • persist for many years
A

MEMORY RESPONSE

79
Q
  • if they are short-lived, there would be repeated infections of same disease (common colds)
  • provides better protection because:
    1. time required to start producing antibodies is less
    2. more plasma cells and antibodies are produced
A

MEMORY RESPONSE

80
Q

TYPE OF IMMUNITY

  • function of cytotoxic T cells
  • most effective against microorganisms that live inside the body cells (virus and some bacteria)
A

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

81
Q

TYPE OF IMMUNITY

  • when viruses infect cells, some viral proteins are broken down and become processed antigens combined with MHC Class I
  • CT cells can distinguish infected cells because T-cell receptor can bind to MHC class I/viral antigen complex
  • T cell receptor and complex signal for activating cytotoxic T cells
A

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

82
Q

-responsible for cell-mediated response
2 Main Effects:
1. Release cytokines – activate additional components of immune system
2. CT cells can come in contact with other cells and kill them

A

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

83
Q

TYPE OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
results from natural exposure to an antigen that stimulates IS to respond agains antigen
-individual develops symptoms of disease because individual is not immune during 1st exposure

A

ACTIVE NATURAL

84
Q

TYPE OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

antigen (vaccine) is deliberately introduced into an individual to stimulate the IS (vaccination)

A

• ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY

85
Q

TYPE OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

– when antibodies are transferred from a mother to her child across the placenta before birth

A

PASSIVE NATURAL

86
Q

TYPE OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

vaccinating an animal, animal’s IS acquires

A

PASSIVE ARTIFICIAL

87
Q

consists of a part of microorganism (dead or altered)

-antigen has been changed so it will stimulate an immune response but will not call the disease symptoms

A

VACCINE

Botany (324 decks)

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