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Botany > PHARMACOLOGY CHAPTER 1 > Flashcards

PHARMACOLOGY CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

1
Q

PHASES OF DRUG USAGE

 – noxious plant and animal preparations were used as medicines to rid of evil spirits

A

Earliest/First Phase

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2
Q

PHASES OF DRUG USAGE

– rational or scientific phase

A

Third Phase

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3
Q

PHASES OF DRUG USAGE

– experience enabled people to use appropriate medicine

A

Second Phase

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4
Q
  • concerned with the processes that determine the concentration of drugs in body fluids and tissues over time
  • what the body does to the drug
A
  1. PHARMACOKINETICS
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5
Q
  • study of the actions of drugs on target organs

- what the drug does to the body

A
  1. PHARMACODYNAMICS
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6
Q

– relationship between the concentration of a drug in a tissue and the magnitude of the tissue’s response to that of a drug

A

Dose-response relationship

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7
Q

a process wherein drugs produce their effects by binding to protein receptors in target tissues

A

Signal Transduction –

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8
Q
  • study of poisons and organ toxicity

- focuses on the harmful effects of drugs

A

TOXICOLOGY –

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9
Q

– medical science concerned with the use of drugs in the treatment of disease

A

PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS

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10
Q

PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS is also known as

A

Medical Pharmacology

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11
Q

science and profession concerned with the preparation, storage, dispensing, and proper use of drug products

A

PHARMACY –

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12
Q

study of drugs isolated from natural resources

A

PHARMACOGNOSY –

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13
Q

– branch of organic chemistry that specializes in the design and chemical synthesis of drugs

A

MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

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14
Q

formulation and chemical properties of pharmaceutical products

A

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY or PHARMACEUTICS –

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15
Q

a natural product, a chemical substance or pharmaceutical preparation intended for administration to a human or animal to diagnose or treat a disease

A

drug

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16
Q

drug is from the french word

A

drogue

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17
Q

drogue mean

A

dried herbs for cooking

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18
Q

other terms for drug

A

medication and medicament

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19
Q

a drug produced outside the body, either synthetic or natural

A

Xenobiotic –

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20
Q

relationship among the drug molecule, its target receptor and resulting pharmacologic activity

A

Structure-activity relationship –

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21
Q

made by drying or pulverizing a plant or animal tissue, extracting substances from a natural product
-difficult to quantify pharmacologic effects of crude drug preparations because: a) they contain multiple ingredients b) amounts vary

A

crude drug preparation

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22
Q

ex of crude drug preparation

A

coffee, tea, opium

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23
Q

drug preparation

isolation of pure drug compounds from natural sources

A

Pure drug compounds

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24
Q

type of drug preparation

 – drug products suitable for administration of a specific dose of a drug by a particular route of administration
-most are from pure drug compounds, some from crude drug preparations (herbal remedies)

A

Pharmaceutical preparations or dosage forms

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25
Q

most common preparations for oral administration because:

A

tablets & capsules

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26
Q

– a hard pill (from a punch and die mechanism)

-must disintegrate after it has been ingested, then must dissolve in gastrointestinal fluids

A

Tablets

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27
Q

Inert Ingredients (4)

A
  • Fillers – provide bulk
  • Lubricants – prevent sticking to the punch and die during manufactire
  • Adhesives – maintain tablet stability in the bottle
  • Disintegrants – facilitate solubilization of the tablet when it reaches gastrointestinal fluids
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28
Q

– consist of polymers that will not disintegrate in gastric acid but will break down in more basic ph of the intestines

  • used to protect drugs that would otherwise be destroyed by gastric acid a
  • used to slow the release and absorption of a drug when a large dose is given at once
A

Enteric coatings

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29
Q

– release the drug from the preparation over many hours.

A

*Sustained release products/ extended-release products

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30
Q

Methods used to extend the release of a drug (3)

A
  1. Controlled diffusion – release of a drug is regulated by a rate-controlling membrane
  2. Controlled dissolution – done by inert polymers that gradually break doen In bady fluids
  3. Osmotic pressure– an osmotic agent attracts gastrointestinal fluid at a constant rate
    - attracted fluid forces drug out of tablet through a small orifice
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31
Q

or soft gelatin shells enclosing a powdered or liquid medication
-gelatin shell quickly dissolves in GI fluids

A

capsule

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32
Q

b. – most common liquid pharmaceutical preparations
- can be formulated for oral, parenteral or other ROA
- convenient for those who cannot easily swallow pills or tablets
- inconvenient because liquid must be measured each time a dose is given
- often sweetened and flavored to increase palatability

A

Solutions and Suspensions

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33
Q

sweetened aqueous solutions

A

syrups:

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34
Q

sweetened aqueous-alcoholic solutions

A

-elixirs:

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35
Q
  • drug preparations in which the drug is slowly released from the patch for absorption through the skin into the circulation
  • most use a rate-controlling membrane
A

Skin patches

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36
Q

(regulates diffusion of drug from the patch, suitable for potent drugs)

A

rate controlling membrane

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37
Q
  • administered by inhalation through nose or mouth
  • useful for treating respiratory disorders because they deliver directly to the site of action, minimizing risk of systemic sude effects
A

Aerosols

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38
Q

– a type of aerosol preparation

  • can be used to deliver drugs that have a localized effect on nasal mucosa
  • can be used to deliver drugs absorbed through the mucosa and exert effect on another organ
  • ex. Butorphanol
A

Nasal sprays

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39
Q

– semisolid preparations intended for topical application of a drug to skin or mucous membranes
-contain an active drug incorporated into a vehicle, which enables drug to adhere to tissue for a sufficient length of time to exert its effect

A

Ointments and creams

40
Q

– liquid preparations often formulated as oil-in-water emulsions
-used to treat dermatologic conditions

A

Lotions

41
Q

products in which drug is incorporated into a solid base that melts or dissolves at body temperature

  • used for rectal, vaginal, urethral administration
  • may provide localized or systemic drug therapy
A

Suppositories –

42
Q

– drug is absorbed from GI tract

A

ENTERAL ADMINISTRATION

43
Q

type of enteral

  • enable rapid absorption of certain drugs
  • not affected by first-pass metabolism in the liver
  • drugs are given in relatively low does
  • drugs must have good solubility in water and lipid membranes
A

Sublingual (drug placed under the tongue) &Buccal (drug placed between cheek and gum)

44
Q

type of enteral

– to administer by mouth

  • medication is swallowed, absorbed from stomach and small intestine
  • convenient, relatively safe, most economical
A

• Oral – per os (PO)

45
Q

type of enteral

– can have localized or systemic effect

  • useful when patients cannot take medications by mouth (those who experience nausea and vomiting)
  • little first-pass metabolism in liver (when absorbed from lower rectum)
A

rectal

46
Q

type of administration

-with needle and syringe or with intravenous fusion pump

A

PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION

47
Q

bypasses process of drug absorption

-provides greatest reliability and control over the dose of the drug reaching systemic circulation

A

intravenous

48
Q

100% bioavailability

A

IV

49
Q

type of administration for drugs w/ short half=lives

A

IV

50
Q

Type of ROA for drugs whose dose must be carefully titrated to the physiologic response

A

IV

51
Q

widely used to administer antibiotics and antineoplastic to critically ill patients

  • for medical emergencies
  • most dangerous (rapid administration can cause serious toxicity)
A

iv

52
Q

type of parenteral administration

suitable for treatment with drug solutions and particle suspensions

A

Intramuscular & subcutaneous

53
Q

injection of a drug through the thecal covering of spinal cord and into subarachnoid space

A

• Intrathecal–

54
Q

– targets analgesics into space above dural membranes of spinal cord
-common in labor and delivery

A

epidural

55
Q

type of parenteral

treatment of arthritis

A

Intraarticular

56
Q

type of parenteral

sinus medication

A

Insufflation/ intranasal

57
Q

type of parenteral

allergy test

A

Intradermal –

58
Q

– application of drugs to skin for absorption into circulation

  • application may be via a skin patch or an ointment
  • by-passes first-pass metabolism
  • reliable ROA for drugs effective when given at relatively low dosage and highly soluble in lipid membranes
A

TRANSDERMAL ADMINISTRATION

59
Q

application of drugs to the body surface to produce a localized effect
–used to treat disease and trauma of skin, eyes, nose, mouth, throat, rectum, vagina

A

TOPICAL ADMINISTRATION–

60
Q

– specifies chemical structure and nature of drug

A

CHEMICAL NAME

61
Q

– most suitable for use by health care professionals

A

NONPROPRIETARY NAME or GENERIC NAME

62
Q

– registered trademark belonging to a particular drug manufacturer
-used to designate a drug product marketed by that manufacturer

A

PROPRIETARY, TRADE, BRAND NAME

63
Q

study of drugs and their effects on life processes

A

pharmacaology

64
Q

meaning of pharmakon

A

magic charm for treating disease

65
Q

described more than 600 medicinal plants

A

Dioscorides

66
Q

described principles of Ayurvedic medicine

A

Susruta

67
Q

started first medical school in pharmacology

A

Rudolf Buchheim

68
Q

father of american pharmacology

A

John Jacob Abel

69
Q

established first pharmacology department in Univ of Michigan

A

John Jacob Abel

70
Q

goal of pharmacology

A

understand the mechanisms by which drug interact

71
Q

study of interactions of chemicals with living systems

A

pharmacology`

72
Q

molecular components of the body with which a drug interacts to bring about effects

A

receptors

73
Q

study of drugs used for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of a disease

A

medical pharmacology

74
Q

type of admin

Convenient, relatively safe, and economical.

A

oral

75
Q

type of admin
Cannot be used for drugs that are inactivated by gastric acid, for drugs with a large first-pass effect, or for drugs that irritate the gut.

A

oral

76
Q

type of admin
Suitable for suspensions and oily vehicles. Absorption is
rapid from solutions and is slow and sustained from
suspensions.

A

intramuscular

77
Q

type of admin
May be painful. Can cause bleeding if the patient is receiving an
anticoagulant.

A

intramuscular

78
Q

type of admin
Suitable for suspensions and pellets. Absorption is
similar to that in the intramuscular route but is
usually somewhat slower.

A

subcutaneous

79
Q

type of admin

Cannot be used for drugs that irritate cutaneous tissues or fordrugs that must be given in large volumes.

A

subcutaneous

80
Q

type of admin
Bypasses absorption to give an immediate effect.
Allows for rapid titration of drug. Achieves 100%
bioavailability.

A

intravenous

81
Q

type of admin
Poses more risks for toxicity and tends to be more expensive than
other routes.

A

IV

82
Q

type of admin
results in rapid absorption because of the large SA and rich blood supply in the alveoli
-useful for drugs that act on the airways

A

inhalational

83
Q

type of admin

useful for drugs with high-first pass metabolism

A

sublingual

84
Q

type of admin

useful for drugs that do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier

A

intrathecal

85
Q

area of pharmacology dealing with how drugs move throughout the body

A

pharmacokinetics

86
Q

4 Components of Drug Transport:

A

i) Absorption
ii) Distribution
iii) Biotransformation or Metabolism
iv) Excretion

87
Q

area of pharmacology concerned with how drugs produce responses within the body

A

pharmacodynamics

88
Q

inactive drug

A

prodrug

89
Q

derived from parent drug and has the same effect as that of the parent

A

Inactive metabolite

90
Q

difference of transdermal and topical administration in terms of effect

A

transdermal - systemic

topical - localized

91
Q

drug name

used the representative component of the drug as its name

A

non-proprietary

92
Q

common name of morphine

A

angel dust

93
Q

drugs can exist in how many states of matter

A

3

94
Q

type of drug preparation that needs reconstitution

A

suspension

95
Q

type of drug preparation intended for children

A

syrup

96
Q

type of drug prep for a dry and scaly lesion/skin

A

ointment

97
Q

type of drug prep for an oily lesion/skin

A

cream

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