PHARMACOLOGY CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
PHASES OF DRUG USAGE
– noxious plant and animal preparations were used as medicines to rid of evil spirits
Earliest/First Phase
PHASES OF DRUG USAGE
– rational or scientific phase
Third Phase
PHASES OF DRUG USAGE
– experience enabled people to use appropriate medicine
Second Phase
- concerned with the processes that determine the concentration of drugs in body fluids and tissues over time
- what the body does to the drug
- PHARMACOKINETICS
- study of the actions of drugs on target organs
- what the drug does to the body
- PHARMACODYNAMICS
– relationship between the concentration of a drug in a tissue and the magnitude of the tissue’s response to that of a drug
Dose-response relationship
a process wherein drugs produce their effects by binding to protein receptors in target tissues
Signal Transduction –
- study of poisons and organ toxicity
- focuses on the harmful effects of drugs
TOXICOLOGY –
– medical science concerned with the use of drugs in the treatment of disease
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS is also known as
Medical Pharmacology
science and profession concerned with the preparation, storage, dispensing, and proper use of drug products
PHARMACY –
study of drugs isolated from natural resources
PHARMACOGNOSY –
– branch of organic chemistry that specializes in the design and chemical synthesis of drugs
MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
formulation and chemical properties of pharmaceutical products
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY or PHARMACEUTICS –
a natural product, a chemical substance or pharmaceutical preparation intended for administration to a human or animal to diagnose or treat a disease
drug
drug is from the french word
drogue
drogue mean
dried herbs for cooking
other terms for drug
medication and medicament
a drug produced outside the body, either synthetic or natural
Xenobiotic –
relationship among the drug molecule, its target receptor and resulting pharmacologic activity
Structure-activity relationship –
made by drying or pulverizing a plant or animal tissue, extracting substances from a natural product
-difficult to quantify pharmacologic effects of crude drug preparations because: a) they contain multiple ingredients b) amounts vary
crude drug preparation
ex of crude drug preparation
coffee, tea, opium
drug preparation
isolation of pure drug compounds from natural sources
Pure drug compounds
type of drug preparation
– drug products suitable for administration of a specific dose of a drug by a particular route of administration
-most are from pure drug compounds, some from crude drug preparations (herbal remedies)
Pharmaceutical preparations or dosage forms
most common preparations for oral administration because:
tablets & capsules
– a hard pill (from a punch and die mechanism)
-must disintegrate after it has been ingested, then must dissolve in gastrointestinal fluids
Tablets
Inert Ingredients (4)
- Fillers – provide bulk
- Lubricants – prevent sticking to the punch and die during manufactire
- Adhesives – maintain tablet stability in the bottle
- Disintegrants – facilitate solubilization of the tablet when it reaches gastrointestinal fluids
– consist of polymers that will not disintegrate in gastric acid but will break down in more basic ph of the intestines
- used to protect drugs that would otherwise be destroyed by gastric acid a
- used to slow the release and absorption of a drug when a large dose is given at once
Enteric coatings
– release the drug from the preparation over many hours.
*Sustained release products/ extended-release products
Methods used to extend the release of a drug (3)
- Controlled diffusion – release of a drug is regulated by a rate-controlling membrane
- Controlled dissolution – done by inert polymers that gradually break doen In bady fluids
- Osmotic pressure– an osmotic agent attracts gastrointestinal fluid at a constant rate
- attracted fluid forces drug out of tablet through a small orifice
or soft gelatin shells enclosing a powdered or liquid medication
-gelatin shell quickly dissolves in GI fluids
capsule
b. – most common liquid pharmaceutical preparations
- can be formulated for oral, parenteral or other ROA
- convenient for those who cannot easily swallow pills or tablets
- inconvenient because liquid must be measured each time a dose is given
- often sweetened and flavored to increase palatability
Solutions and Suspensions
sweetened aqueous solutions
syrups:
sweetened aqueous-alcoholic solutions
-elixirs:
- drug preparations in which the drug is slowly released from the patch for absorption through the skin into the circulation
- most use a rate-controlling membrane
Skin patches
(regulates diffusion of drug from the patch, suitable for potent drugs)
rate controlling membrane
- administered by inhalation through nose or mouth
- useful for treating respiratory disorders because they deliver directly to the site of action, minimizing risk of systemic sude effects
Aerosols
– a type of aerosol preparation
- can be used to deliver drugs that have a localized effect on nasal mucosa
- can be used to deliver drugs absorbed through the mucosa and exert effect on another organ
- ex. Butorphanol
Nasal sprays
– semisolid preparations intended for topical application of a drug to skin or mucous membranes
-contain an active drug incorporated into a vehicle, which enables drug to adhere to tissue for a sufficient length of time to exert its effect
Ointments and creams
– liquid preparations often formulated as oil-in-water emulsions
-used to treat dermatologic conditions
Lotions
products in which drug is incorporated into a solid base that melts or dissolves at body temperature
- used for rectal, vaginal, urethral administration
- may provide localized or systemic drug therapy
Suppositories –
– drug is absorbed from GI tract
ENTERAL ADMINISTRATION
type of enteral
- enable rapid absorption of certain drugs
- not affected by first-pass metabolism in the liver
- drugs are given in relatively low does
- drugs must have good solubility in water and lipid membranes
Sublingual (drug placed under the tongue) &Buccal (drug placed between cheek and gum)
type of enteral
– to administer by mouth
- medication is swallowed, absorbed from stomach and small intestine
- convenient, relatively safe, most economical
• Oral – per os (PO)
type of enteral
– can have localized or systemic effect
- useful when patients cannot take medications by mouth (those who experience nausea and vomiting)
- little first-pass metabolism in liver (when absorbed from lower rectum)
rectal
type of administration
-with needle and syringe or with intravenous fusion pump
PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION
bypasses process of drug absorption
-provides greatest reliability and control over the dose of the drug reaching systemic circulation
intravenous
100% bioavailability
IV
type of administration for drugs w/ short half=lives
IV
Type of ROA for drugs whose dose must be carefully titrated to the physiologic response
IV
widely used to administer antibiotics and antineoplastic to critically ill patients
- for medical emergencies
- most dangerous (rapid administration can cause serious toxicity)
iv
type of parenteral administration
suitable for treatment with drug solutions and particle suspensions
Intramuscular & subcutaneous
injection of a drug through the thecal covering of spinal cord and into subarachnoid space
• Intrathecal–
– targets analgesics into space above dural membranes of spinal cord
-common in labor and delivery
epidural
type of parenteral
treatment of arthritis
Intraarticular
type of parenteral
sinus medication
Insufflation/ intranasal
type of parenteral
allergy test
Intradermal –
– application of drugs to skin for absorption into circulation
- application may be via a skin patch or an ointment
- by-passes first-pass metabolism
- reliable ROA for drugs effective when given at relatively low dosage and highly soluble in lipid membranes
TRANSDERMAL ADMINISTRATION
application of drugs to the body surface to produce a localized effect
–used to treat disease and trauma of skin, eyes, nose, mouth, throat, rectum, vagina
TOPICAL ADMINISTRATION–
– specifies chemical structure and nature of drug
CHEMICAL NAME
– most suitable for use by health care professionals
NONPROPRIETARY NAME or GENERIC NAME
– registered trademark belonging to a particular drug manufacturer
-used to designate a drug product marketed by that manufacturer
PROPRIETARY, TRADE, BRAND NAME
study of drugs and their effects on life processes
pharmacaology
meaning of pharmakon
magic charm for treating disease
described more than 600 medicinal plants
Dioscorides
described principles of Ayurvedic medicine
Susruta
started first medical school in pharmacology
Rudolf Buchheim
father of american pharmacology
John Jacob Abel
established first pharmacology department in Univ of Michigan
John Jacob Abel
goal of pharmacology
understand the mechanisms by which drug interact
study of interactions of chemicals with living systems
pharmacology`
molecular components of the body with which a drug interacts to bring about effects
receptors
study of drugs used for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of a disease
medical pharmacology
type of admin
Convenient, relatively safe, and economical.
oral
type of admin
Cannot be used for drugs that are inactivated by gastric acid, for drugs with a large first-pass effect, or for drugs that irritate the gut.
oral
type of admin
Suitable for suspensions and oily vehicles. Absorption is
rapid from solutions and is slow and sustained from
suspensions.
intramuscular
type of admin
May be painful. Can cause bleeding if the patient is receiving an
anticoagulant.
intramuscular
type of admin
Suitable for suspensions and pellets. Absorption is
similar to that in the intramuscular route but is
usually somewhat slower.
subcutaneous
type of admin
Cannot be used for drugs that irritate cutaneous tissues or fordrugs that must be given in large volumes.
subcutaneous
type of admin
Bypasses absorption to give an immediate effect.
Allows for rapid titration of drug. Achieves 100%
bioavailability.
intravenous
type of admin
Poses more risks for toxicity and tends to be more expensive than
other routes.
IV
type of admin
results in rapid absorption because of the large SA and rich blood supply in the alveoli
-useful for drugs that act on the airways
inhalational
type of admin
useful for drugs with high-first pass metabolism
sublingual
type of admin
useful for drugs that do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier
intrathecal
area of pharmacology dealing with how drugs move throughout the body
pharmacokinetics
4 Components of Drug Transport:
i) Absorption
ii) Distribution
iii) Biotransformation or Metabolism
iv) Excretion
area of pharmacology concerned with how drugs produce responses within the body
pharmacodynamics
inactive drug
prodrug
derived from parent drug and has the same effect as that of the parent
Inactive metabolite
difference of transdermal and topical administration in terms of effect
transdermal - systemic
topical - localized
drug name
used the representative component of the drug as its name
non-proprietary
common name of morphine
angel dust
drugs can exist in how many states of matter
3
type of drug preparation that needs reconstitution
suspension
type of drug preparation intended for children
syrup
type of drug prep for a dry and scaly lesion/skin
ointment
type of drug prep for an oily lesion/skin
cream
