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cytology Flashcards

1
Q

fundamental unit of living material showing a variety of functional specializations which perform all the activities necessary for the survival, growth and reproduction of the organism.

A

Cells

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2
Q

2 cell types

A

prokaryotic

eukaryotic

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3
Q

2 cell types

– presence of true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope

A
  1. Eucaryotic cell
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4
Q

2 cell types

– absence of nuclear envelope; nuclear substance is mixed with the rest of the cytoplasm

A
  1. Procaryotic cell
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5
Q

part of a cell

the outer limiting membrane that serves as a selective barrier

A

Plasmalemma –

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6
Q

part of a cell

the protoplasm outside of the nucleus which contains the different organelles and inclusions of the cells

A

Cytoplasm –

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7
Q

part of a cell

contains the genetic material of the cell

A

Nucleus –

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8
Q

Pertains to the outer trilaminar-appearing membrane surrounding the cell.

A selective barrier that regulates the entrance and exit of substances into the cell.

A

cell membrane

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9
Q

2 Models of cell membrane

A
  1. The Classical Model of Davson and Danielli

2. The “ Fluid Mosaic Model” of Singer and Nicholson

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10
Q

Cell Membrane model
The membrane proteins are globular and float like iceberg in a sea of lipid

The more acceptable model

In a dynamic state

A

The “ Fluid Mosaic Model” of Singer and Nicholson

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11
Q

This model postulates a lipid center sandwiched by a coat of protein on each surface.

A
  1. The Classical Model of Davson and Danielli
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12
Q

type of model
1. The plasmalemma is composed of a bilayer of ionic and polar head groups and the membrane protein complexes are embedded in a “mosaic configuration.”

  1. Other protein molecules on the external and protoplasmic surfaces of the plasmalemma give an asymmetrical appearance of the molecular structure
A

The “ Fluid Mosaic Model” of Singer and Nicholson

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13
Q

type of model

  1. Oligosaccharide chain from the surface of the plasmalemma amplify the inherent asymmetry.
A

The “ Fluid Mosaic Model” of Singer and Nicholson

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14
Q

Consist of a bilayer of phospholipid molecules which are amphipathic i.e. polar hydrophilic head and non- polar hydrophobic tail

A

cell membrane

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15
Q

Glycoprotein & polysaccharide covering of the external surface of the cell membrane

Imparts a special identity to each cell type, therefore, plays an important role in histocompatibility

A

glycocalyx

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16
Q

functions of cell surface

A
  1. Filtration barrier
  2. Allows sudden changes in ion permeability in response to changes in electrical potential
  3. Receptor site for hormones & enzymes
  4. Cell recognition
    (GLYCOCALYX)
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17
Q

ground substance

A

hyaloplasm

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18
Q

part of cytoplasm
usually in sol phase and manifest active streaming
cellular components are carried along by directed movements

A

endoplasm

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19
Q

part of cytoplasm
usually in gel state
relatively free of cellular components
occupies the periphery of the plasmalemma

A
  1. Exoplasm
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20
Q

cytoplasmic organelles (9)

A
  1. Endoplasmic reticulum: RER & SER
  2. Golgi Complex
  3. Mitochondria
  4. Lysosomes
  5. Centriole / centrosome
  6. Peroxisomes (microbodies)
  7. Filaments
    - Myofilaments
    - Tonofilaments
  8. Microtubules
  9. Annulate lamellae
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21
Q

Consist of an anastomosing network of intercommunicating channels and sacs formed by a continuous membrane

A

ER

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22
Q

2 Forms of ER

A

A. Granular / Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

B. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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23
Q

Most typical er

Interconnecting network of membranous tubules, vesicles & flattened sacs

Presence of ribosomes on its membrane surface

A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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24
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE RER:

A

Synthesis of secretory protein and its storage within the intracisternal space

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25
Non- granular Membranes are also arranged in an anastomosing network of tubules Cisternae are more tubular May also connect with the RER, the plasmalemma, and the Golgi complex.
SER
26
Function of SER in striated muscle:
as sarcoplasmic reticulum
27
Function of SER In endocrine cells:
biosynthesis of steroid hormone
28
Function of SER In intestinal villi:
synthesis of neutral fats
29
Function of SER In parietal cells of the stomach:
formation of HCl acid
30
System of stacked saucer shaped cisternae with concave (maturing / trans face) facing the nucleus and a forming / cis face adjacent to rough ER
golgi apparatus
31
function of GA
Packaging of secretory products in a membrane capable of fusing with the plasma membrane during exocytosis. Concentrates and packages hydrolytic enzymes in cells as lysosomes.
32
FUNCTION OF GA In glandular cells:
site of accumulation and concentration of secretory products
33
FUNCTION OF GA . in cells that secrete a mucopolysaccharide / glycoprotein
Site of sulfation
34
mobile “power plant of the cell” membrane-bound appear as slender rods, cigar shaped organelle self-replicating vary in size, shape and number depending on the cellular activity present in all eukaryotic cells
MITOCHONDRIA
35
functions of mitochondria
Synthesis of ATP as energy source of the cell | Accumulation of calcium; synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins; oxidation of fatty acids.
36
These are small membrane bound bodies of varying shapes and sizes containing a number of hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion (ACID HYDROLASES)
lysosomes
37
type of lysosome | resting lysosomes
Primary lysosomes:
38
type of lysosome | actively engaged in digestion
Secondary lysosomes
39
a pair of short rods considered as the center of activities associated with cell division usually adjacent to the nucleus. Self-duplicating
Centrioles /diplosome:
40
functions of lysosomes
Essential in the cellular defense mechanism, being the site of destruction of foreign bodies. 2. Function in the normal replacement of cellular components and organelles. 3. Play an important part in the metabolism of certain substances in the human body.
41
type of centriole | Hallow cylinder, open in one end; closed in the other
E/M
42
TYPE OF CENTRIOLE | Perpendicular to each other
Long axis:
43
type of centriole It has a circular outline Wall is composed of nine groups of longitudinally oriented parallel sub-units Each of the nine groups consist of 3 microtubules aligned and fused together so that they appear as a 3 circles in a row.
X/S:
44
functions of centrioles
1. Plays an important role in cell division 2. Centrioles are essential for the formation of cilia and flagella 3. They serve as the basal bodies and sites of epithelial origin.
45
Membrane bound bodies with a finely granular homogenous content and sometimes containing a crystalloid body. Contain several enzymes in the production or destruction (catalases) of hydrogen peroxide.
peroxisomes/microbodies
46
2 Categories of filaments:
A. Microfilaments | B. Intermediate filaments / Tonofilament
47
type of filament – diameter measure less than about 8 nm Most are contractile acting to promote cell shape or motility (myofilaments).
A. Microfilaments
48
type of filament diameter range from 8-12 nm Not known to be contractile and appear to serve exclusively in a supportive role.
B. Intermediate filaments / Tonofilaments
49
functions of tonofilaments
1. Maintain cellular shape and provide resiliency to forces tending to alter that shape; prominent in cytoplasm of “wear & tear” epithelia 2. Regular component, together with microtubules; in nerve cells. 3. Found in the sites of adhesions between adjacent cells of epithelial systems important as supportive intracellular network and in transmission of forces among adherent cells.
50
Widely occurring, slender, cylindrical structures X/S: appear as a circle composed of 13 globular subunits
microtubules
51
functions of microtubules
1. Are an important element of the spindle apparatus in dividing cells; they form the mitotic spindle. 2. They form the cores of cilia & flagella of sperm cells – nine doublets around 2 centrally located microtubules. 3. Play a role in maintaining diverse cell shape.
52
Visible only with E/M: parallel arrays of cisternae with small pores at regular interval along their length. Presence of diaphragms closing the pores. Functional significance is not known
annulate lamellae
53
Lifeless accumulations of metabolites or cell products regarded as dispensable and often temporary constituents; not essential for survival of the cell
cytoplasmic inclusions
54
cytoplasmic inclusions (6)
1. Pigments – a. Endogenous b. Exogenous 2. Lipid 3. Glycogen 4. Crystals 5. Secretory granules 6. Vacuoles
55
Materials with natural color that do not | require staining by dyes.
pigments
56
type of pigment | – formed outside of the body
exogenous
57
type of pigment | – formed within the body
endogenous
58
– dark brown / black pigments found in melanocytes containing melanosomes in the epidermis and in the eye
melanin
59
Referred to as “wear & tear” pigments
lipofuscin
60
yellowish brown granules occurring in many cells particularly in older individuals
lipofuscin
61
Appear as round, clear areas in the cytoplasm because the lipid is extracted by solvents.
lipids
62
Appear as black spherical droplets of varying sizes with osmium tetroxide
lipids
63
E/M: appear as full cytoplasmic particles Found in the liver
glycogen
64
2 types of GLYCOGEN | dense, irregular spherical body
Beta particles | alpha particles
65
types of GLYCOGEN | dense, irregular spherical body
Beta particles
66
types of GLYCOGEN | rosette-like aggregates of larger size
alpha particles
67
protein in nature Not bound by membranes; found in Sertoli cells & IC of Leydig E/M: shows a regular lattice pattern
CRYSTALS
68
Storage cavities
VACUOLES
69
Found in all cells except RBC & platelets Shape, size & number vary Stains blue because of its nucleic acids, basic proteins and also acidic proteins
NUCLEUS
70
NUCLEUS FUNCTION
1. Archive of the cell; repository of the hereditary factors 2. Source of ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA
71
Outer limit of the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm About 40 nm thick & seven times thicker than the plasmalemma
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
72
E/M: consist of 2 parallel membranes enclosing a narrow perinuclear space that communicates with the cisternae of the reticulum Continuous with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum Has ribosomes on its outer membrane
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
73
shows the presence of numerous nuclear pores of about 40-100 nm in diameter with a small dense granule.
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
74
seen in each pore | a short cylinder formed by eight regular subunits and containing a central granule
pore complex
75
important in the exchange of materials between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm. Its permeability varies with nuclear activity
pore complex
76
Nuclear material that contains DNA and proteins; the structural manifestation of chromosomes in interphase.
NUCLEAR CHROMATIN
77
2 TYPES OF CHROMATIN
2 Types: A. Heterochromatin – B. Euchromatin –
78
TYPE OF CHROMATIN | the condensed coiled part, metabolically inert
Heterochromatin
79
TYPE OF CHROMATIN the dispersed, less coiled regions of the chromosome; active in protein synthesis
Euchromatin
80
TYPES OF NUCLEI
CHROMATIC VESICULAR PYKNOTIC
81
A round conspicuous structure eccentrically located in the nucleus; rich in RNA and basic proteins; intensely basophilic due to the presence of ribonucleoproteins.
NUCLEOLUS
82
3 Regions OF NUCLEOLUS
3 Regions: A. Pars amorpha / pars fibrosa B. Nucleo-lonema / pars granulosa C. Chromosomal portion
83
Regions OF NUCLEOLUS round masses of closely packed filaments in the interior of the nucleolus
A. Pars amorpha / pars fibrosa
84
Regions OF NUCLEOLUS surrounds the pars amorpha; made up of a coarse reticulum of anastomosing strands
B. Nucleo-lonema / pars granulosa
85
Regions OF NUCLEOLUS consists of dispersed filaments of DNA; site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA
C. Chromosomal portion
86
FUNCTION OF NUCLEOLUS
Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
87
May show irregular densities of staining along their lengths Small visible mass is the sex chromatin / Barr bodies In female neutrophil granular leukocytes is seen as drumstick appendage It has become possible to determine by light microscopy the genetic sex of an individual.
CHROMOSOME

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