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Botany > BB Lec - RBC Biology and Preservation > Flashcards

BB Lec - RBC Biology and Preservation Flashcards

1
Q

two important RBC characteristics:

A

deformability and permeability

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2
Q

is the network of proteins that contributes shape, strength, and function to a cell membrane.

A

cytoskeleton

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3
Q

gives RBC their characteristic biconcave shape

A

cytoskeleton

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4
Q

purpose of biconcave shape of RBCs

A

to allow gas exchange while carrying great quantities of oxygen

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5
Q

gives a red cell flexibility
strengthens the cell membrane,
facilitates its efficient travel through capillaries

A

Cytoskeleton

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6
Q

CAUSES OF SPHEROCYTOSIS (4)

A 
defects in:
spectrin
spectrin and ankyrin
anion exchanger
palidin
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7
Q

defect in proteins that provides vertical support

A

HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS

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8
Q

defect in proteins that provide horizontal support

A

HEREDITARY ELLIPTOCYTOSIS:

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9
Q

causes of loss of deformability (2)

A

The loss of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (energy) levels [leads to a decrease in the phosphorylation of spectrin and, in turn, a loss of membrane deformability]

An accumulation or increase in deposition of membrane calcium also results, [causing an increase in membrane rigidity and loss of pliability ]

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10
Q

loss of ATP leads to ___

A

decrease in the phosphorylation of spectrin

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11
Q

decrease in the phosphorylation of spectrin leads to

A

loss of membrane deformability

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12
Q

manifestations of loss of membrane deformability [3]

A

spherocytes
bite cells
shortened lifespan

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13
Q

cells with a reduced surface-to-volume ratio and in which the

A

“spherocytes”

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14
Q

what cells

removal of a portion of membrane has left a permanent indentation in the remaining cell membrane

A

“bite cells”

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15
Q

The RBC membrane is freely permeable to

A

water and anions

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16
Q

importance of permeability of rbc membrane (2)

A

prevent colloid hemolysis

control the volume of the RBC

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17
Q

responsible for 90% of ATP generation

A

EMP

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18
Q

processes/reactions in stage 1 emp

A

phosphorylation, isomerization, diphosphorylation

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19
Q

end product of emp

A

end product: 3GP

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20
Q

3rd stage of emp, product:

A

pyruvate

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21
Q

Produces (reduced) NADPH and reduced glutathione

A

HMP

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22
Q

prevents iron of Hgb from being oxidized (maintains ferrous state)

A

Methemoglobin reductase pathway

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23
Q

2,3 DPG generation

A

RLP

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24
Q

What form

B chains are closer together

A

Relaxed form

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25
Q

What form

B chains are farther

A

Tensed form

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26
Q

Is the effect pH has on HGB-oxygen affinity

A

HGB-DISSOCIATION CURVE

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27
Q

Increase pH is a shift to ?? (inc or dec HGB affinity for O2)

A

left

increased HGB affinity for O2

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28
Q

example of shift to left

A

hyperventilation

29
Q

Decrease pH –> shift to ??( increased or decreased HGB affinity for O2)

A

right

decreased HGB affinity for O2

30
Q

example of shift to right

A

EXERCISE

RENAL FAILURE

31
Q

is a measure of in vivo RBC survival following transfusion

A

RBC viability

32
Q

The FDA requires an average 24-hour post transfusion RBC survival of

A

more than 75%

33
Q

biochemical changes due to loss of RBC viability

A

Storage lesion:

34
Q

increases ADP levels, thereby driving glycolysis toward the synthesis of ATP

A

adenine

35
Q

chelates Ca, prevents clotting

A

Citrate (sodium citratre/citric acid):

36
Q

maintains pH during storage; necessary for maintenance of 2,3 DPG

A

Monobasic sodium phosphate

37
Q

substrate for ATP production( cellular energy)

A

Dextrose

38
Q

prod’n of ATP, extends shelf life from 21 days to 35 days

A

Adenine

39
Q

These are preserving solutions that are added to the RBCs after removal of plasma with or without platelets

A

additive solutions

40
Q

The additive solution is contained in a ___ and is added to the RBCs after most of the plasma has been expressed

A

satellite bag

41
Q

The additive solution is contained in a satellite bag and is added to the RBCs after ___

A

most of the plasma has been expressed

42
Q

Benefits of additives (3)

A

Extends the shelf life of RBCs (42 days)
Allows for the harvesting of more plasma and platelets from the unit
Produces an RBC concentrate of lower viscosity that is easier to infuse

43
Q

(AS-1; Baxter Healthcare)

A

Adsol

44
Q

(AS-3, Pall Corporation)

A

Nutricel

45
Q

(AS-5, Terumo Corporation)

A

Optisol

46
Q

ALL three additives have (3)

A

saline, adenine, and glucose.

47
Q

AS-1 and AS-5 also contains ___ (protects against storage-related hemolysis)

A

mannitol

48
Q

AS-3 contains __ and ___ (for the same purpose)

A

citrate and phosphates

49
Q

purpose of mannitol, citrate and phosphates

A

protect against storage-related hemolysis

50
Q

None of the additives solutions maintain ___ throughout the storage time

A

2.3 DPG

51
Q

ALL (AS-1 to AS-5) of the additive solutions are approved for HOW MANY days of storage for packed RBCs

A

42

52
Q

Used for autologous units & storage of rare blood types

A

RBC Freezing

53
Q

RBC Freezing involves the addition of cryoprotective agent to RBCs that are how many days old

A

less than 6 days old

54
Q

2 concentrations of glycerol

A

high conc-glycerol (40% w/v)
Most BB used high-conc. Glycerol
low conc. Glycerol (20% w/v)

55
Q

commonly used as cryoprotective agent and is added to RBCs slowly with vigorous shaking to permeate the RBCs

A

glycerol

56
Q

FDA licenses frozen RBCs to be stored up ?? years

A

10

57
Q

Transfusion of frozen cells must be preceded by a ____ process

A

deglycerolization

58
Q

what are the saline conc. in deglycerolization

A

12% saline, 1.6% saline, 0.2% dextrose in saline

59
Q

has traditionally been used in the deglycerolizing process.

A

A commercially available cell-washing system

60
Q

what must be monitored during deglycerolization

A

excessive hemolysis

osmolality

61
Q

has been developed that allows the glycerolization and deglycerolization to be performed under closed system.

A

ACP 215 (Haemonetics)

62
Q

Process by which ATP and 2,3 DPG levels are restored or enhanced by metabolic alterations

A

rbc rejuvenation

63
Q

only FDA approved rejuvenation solution sold in the US

A

Rejuvesol:

64
Q

rejuvenation solution currently approved for use with CPD, CPDA-1 and CPD/AS-1 RBCs

A

Rejuvesol:

65
Q

composition of rejuvesol

A

Contains phosphate, inosine, pyruvate and adenine

66
Q

temp and time for rejuvenation incubation

A

1 hr 37C

67
Q

volume of rejuvenation solution

A

50 ml

68
Q

Following rejuvenation, the RBCs can be washed to remove the rejuvenation solution and transfused within how many hours.

A

24

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