GPHT - Neoplasia II Flashcards
Cyst wall is composed of __
skin
where most divergent tissue (of teratoma) emerge
rokitansky protruberance
functional tissue from a teratoma
endocrine tissue
T or F
Most cystic tumors are benign
T
T or F
Solid tumors are malignant
T
Most teratomas are benign or malignant
benign
the most common benign germ cell tumor
Dermoid cysts or mature cystic teratomas
most common neoplasm of the ovary
Dermoid cysts or mature cystic teratomas
germ cell tumor of the testicle that is always malignant
seminoma
T or F
Seminoma may be benign or malignant
False (always malignant)
Tumors ending in “-oma” but are ALWAYS malignant (3)
Seminoma
Melanoma
Lymphoma
Benign form of lymphoma (always malignant)
lymphadenopathy
Benign form of melanoma
nevus or mole
T or F
Leukemia may be benign or malignant
F (always malignant)
multiple adenomatous polyps are also known as
tubulovillous adenomas
genetic syndrome in which an abnormal genetic mutation leads to development of multiple neoplasms in colon
genetic abnormalities may be inherited or acquired
familial adenomatous polyposis
type of tumor (benign or malignant) which does not eat up normal tissue
benign
type of tumor (benign or malignant) which infiltrate, go inside
malignant
condition in which there are cystic glands but no tumor, just a lesion
fibrocystic change
lesions with cystic glands, not a tumor
fibrocystic change
identify if benign or malignant
fungating mass ulcerating the skin
malignant
identify if benign or malignant
well-circumscribed
with demarcation
benign
identify if benign or malignant
small, movable
benign
identify if benign or malignant
proliferating fibrocollagenous lesions
compressed glands
benign
identify the condition
Malignant
bladder filled up with water
fingerlike papillomas
papillary urothelial carcinoma
identify the condition
benign
bladder filled up with water
fingerlike papillomas
urothelial papilloma
hallmark of malignancy
metastasis
identify if benign or malignant
compress adjacent tissue
benign
tumor/neoplasms in which there is metastasis but not malignant (2)
leiomyoma
giant tumor of bone
identify if benign or malignant
pleomorphic, anaplastic
malignant
identify if benign or malignant
growth
slow with expansion, displacement
benign
identify if benign or malignant
growth slow with compression
benign
identify if benign or malignant
growth
compressive atrophy of surrounding tissue
benign
identify if benign or malignant
growth
rapid with destruction
malignant
identify if benign or malignant
growth
rapid with infiltration
malignant
identify if benign or malignant
growth
rapid with
thigmotaxis
malignant
identify if benign or malignant
growth
rapid with vascular invasion
malignant
identify if benign or malignant
growth
rapid with metastases
malignant
identify if benign or malignant
size: increases slowly,
benign
identify if benign or malignant
size: tumor may become very large (knapsack tumor)
benign
identify if benign or malignant
size: increases rapidly
malignant
identify if benign or malignant
capsule is present
benign
identify if benign or malignant
tumor can be surgically enucleated from capsule due to compression of local stroma
benign
identify if benign or malignant
capsule is partially or entirely absent
malignant
identify if benign or malignant
tumor frequently recurs after resection
malignant
histologic findings:
perfect image of histologic mother tissue with low mitosis count
benign
histologic findings:
absence of necrosis
benign
histologic findings: maneuverable
benign
histologic findings:
non-maneuverable
malignant
histologic findings:
primitive image of histologic mother tissue with high mitosis count and necrosis
malignant
variability of cell size: cellular and nuclear isomorphism
benign
variability of cell size:
cellular and nuclear polymorphism
malignant
nuclear euploidy (uniform coloration of nuclei) with exception of endocrine tumors, which exhibit nuclear polyploidy
benign
tumors with nuclear polyploidy
endocrine tumors
nuclear aneuploidy, polyploidy, polychromasia (varying coloration of nuclei)
malignant
N:C ratio is normal
benign
N:C ratio is high [nuclei predominate]
malignant
nucleoli: invisible or small and round
benign
nucleoli: enlarged and irregular
malignant
clinical course: usually asymptomatic except for compression symptoms
benign
clinical course: produce wide range of late symptoms
malignant
clinical course: do not recur or metastasize
benign
clinical course: frequently recur or metastasize
malignant
T or F: Multiple tumors have less chance of malignancy
T
T or F: Solitary tumor may be malignant
T
2 Hallmarks of malignancy
Metastasis
Anaplasia
T or F: Mitosis can be a sole basis of malignancy
False
T or F: There are benign tumors with high mitotic rate
True
How many mitotic figures/hpf for a tumor to be considered malignant
> 10
T or F: Abnormal mitoses are highly indicative of malignancy
T
Identify if benign or malignant:
presence of tripole
malignant
tripole is an abnormal mitotic figure
T or F: Proliferation in the stratified squamous epithelium NORMALLY occurs in the basal layer
True
Identify if malignant or benign: Proliferation of stratified squamous epithelium in UPPER LAYER
Malignant
T or F: Dysplasia encountered in mesenchyme
False: Dysplasia encountered in epithelia
T or F: Dysplasia is reversible
True. Reversible if factors (like smoking) are eliminated
what carcinoma
seeding as pathway of dissemination
penetrates the wall of the gut
reimplant at distant sites in the peritoneal cavity
carcinoma of colon
identify the pathway of dissemination
cancers of the ovary (cover the peritoneal surfaces)
seeding within body cavities
pattern of lymph node involvement depends on (2)
site of primary neoplasm
pathways of drainage
T or F: Veins are less readily penetrated than arteries
F: Arteries less readily penetrated than the veins
T or F: Exposure to chemical carcinogens results in permanent DNA damage
True
__ induce tumors in initiated cells (reversible)
spromoters
radiant energy/UV rays cause what types of cancer (3)
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
malignant carcinoma
Human papilloma virus cause what cancer (2)
squamous papillomas (Warts) carcinoma of cervix
What are the 3 carcinogenic agents
Chemical
Radiant
Oncogenic viruses/microbes
Epstein-Barr virus causes (2)
Burkitt lymphoma
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
HBV causes
hepatocellular carcinoma
Helicobacter pylori causes (2)
gastric carcinoma, gastric lymphoma
gastric carcinoma, gastric lymphoma caused by
H. pylori
hepatocellular carcinoma caused by
HBV
Burkitt lymphoma
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
caused by
EBV
squamous papillomas (Warts)
carcinoma of cervix
Caused by
HPV
T or F: Expansile growth can destroy adjacent structures
T
T or F: Endocrine gland neoplasm elaborate hormones
T
Grading is based on (2)
differentiation of tumor cells
number of mitoses
this tells how DEEP tumor infiltrates
Staging
this tells how closely it RESEMBLES normal component
Grading
a higher grade means (closer, farther) appearance from normal
farther
Staging is based on (3)
size of primary lesion
extent of spread to regional lymph nodes
presence/absence of metastases
What can you conclude if the person has metastatic adenocarcinoma but has spread to the bone
metastatic adenocarcinoma does not occur in bone, thus the cancer is METASTATIC
Which between staging and grading has implication on biologic behavior
grading
the higher the grade, ___ aggressive,
more aggressive
the higher the grade, what is the rate of proliferation
rapid
the lower the grade, what is the rate of proliferation
slowly
These scores in TNM classification depend on the organ
T and N
Tissue or part of the body that do not proliferate very much
bone
At what grade does chemo start?
3
Why does chemo do not have much effect on osteosarcoma
bone does not proliferate very much
chemo kills proliferating and non-proliferating cells
thus chemo more effective in proliferating cells
lower grades need what kind of treatment
surgery
higher grades need what kind of treatment
radiation
