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Botany > PHARMACO - Chloramphenicol > Flashcards

PHARMACO - Chloramphenicol Flashcards

1
Q

?S ribosomes in bacteria

A

70

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2
Q

?S ribosomes in mammalians

A

80

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3
Q

 Basis for selective toxicity against microorganisms without causing major effects on mammalian cells
3 Differences

A

 Ribosomal subunits
 Chemical composition
 Functional specificities of component nucleic acids and proteins

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4
Q

General MoA

A

Bactericidal

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5
Q

General binding at what ribosome

A

50S except for tetracycline

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6
Q

 Inhibits transpeptidation (catalyzed by peptidyl transferase)

A

chloramphenicol

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7
Q

 Blocks the binding of aminoacyl moiety of tRNA to mRNA complex so the peptide at the donor site cannot be transferred to the amino acid acceptor

A

chloramphenicol

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8
Q

 Bind at 50S-block translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the acceptor site to the donor site

A

 Macrolides, telithromycin, and clindamycin

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9
Q

 Bind to 30S

A

 Tetracyclines

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10
Q

 Blocks the binding of amino-acid-charged tRNA to the acceptor site

A

 Tetracyclines

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11
Q

 Constrict the exit channel on the ribosome through which polypeptides are extruded tRNA synthase activity is inhibited

A

 Streptogramins

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12
Q

inhibits tRNA synthase activity

A

 Streptogramins

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13
Q

bactericidal AB which bind to the 50S

A

 Streptogramins

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14
Q

 Bacteriostatic
 Binds to a unique site at 50S
 Blocks formation of tRNA-ribosome-mRNA complex

A

 Linezolid

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15
Q

Broad spectrum

A

chloramphenicol

tetracycline

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16
Q

moderate spectrum

A

macrolides

ketolides

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17
Q

narrow spectrum

A

lincosamides
streptogramins
linezolid

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18
Q

newer antibiotics

A

streptogramins

linezolid

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19
Q

Are there other antimicrobial drugs in chloramphenicol class

A

No

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20
Q

RoA of Chloramphenicol

A

 Oral as well as parenteral

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21
Q

Tissue distribution of Chloramphenicol

A

Distributed throughout all tissues

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22
Q

Crosses placental and blood-brain barriers

A

Chloramphenicol

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23
Q

Undergoes enterohepatic cycling

A

Chloramphenicol

tetracycline

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24
Q

Enzyme that inactivates chloramphenicol

A

hepatic glucoronosyltransferase

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25
Q

Does Chloramphenicol undergo enterohepatic cycling

A

Yes

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26
Q

Fraction excreted in urine unchanged or changed in chloramphenicol?

A

unchanged

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27
Q

MoA of Chloramphenicol

A

 Bacteriostatic

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28
Q

When does Chloramphenicol become bactericidal

A

 H. influenzae
 N. meningitidis
 Bacteroides

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29
Q

Is chloramphenicol effective for chlamydia

A

No

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30
Q

Resistance to chloramphenicol

A

 Plasmid mediated-formation of acetyl- transferases that inactivate the drug

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31
Q

chloramphenicol is Rarely used as a systemic drug because

A

of its toxicity

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32
Q

Backup drug for severe infections caused by salmonella

A

chloramphenicol

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33
Q

 Treatment of pneumococcal and meningococcal meningitis in beta-lactam-sensitive persons

A

chloramphenicol

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34
Q

 Commonly used as topical agent

A

chloramphenicol

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35
Q

 Sometimes used for ricketssial infections

 Infections caused by anaerobes like B. fragilis

A

chloramphenicol

36
Q

GI disturbances occur from

A

direct irritation and superinfection which may lead to candidiasis

37
Q

toxicity of chloramphenicol in the bone marrow

A

 Inhibition of red cell maturation-decrease in circulating RBC
 Dose dependent and reversible

38
Q

toxicity of chloramphenicol
 Rare idiosyncratic reaction
 Irreversible and maybe fatal

A

aplastic anemia

39
Q

toxicity of chloramphenicol
 Premature infants
 Deficiency of hepatic glucoronyltransferase
 Tolerated in older infants
 Decreased RBC, cyanosis and cardiovascular collapse

A

gray baby syndrom

40
Q

enzyme only present in mature liver

A

hepatic glucoronosyltransferase

41
Q

disease in which all formed elements decrease in level

caused by chloramphenicol

A

pancytopenia

42
Q

prototype drug of tetracycline

A

tetracycline

43
Q

drug that must be taken before meals as its absorption is impaired by food and multivalent cation

A

tetracycline

44
Q

tissue distribution of tetracyclines (narrow or wide)

A

wide

45
Q

crosses the placental barrier

A

tetracycline

46
Q

contraindicated in pregnancy because it crosses the placental barrier

A

tetracycline and chloramphenicol

47
Q

mode of elimination

A

urine except for ____

48
Q

 All tetracycline drugs eliminated in the urine except for

A

Doxycycline

49
Q

tetracyline drugs with longer half lives

A

doxycycline and minocycline

50
Q

what kinds of bacteria do tetracyclines cover

A

gram (+) and gram (-)

51
Q

type of resistance to tetracyline (2)

A

 Plasmid-mediated resistance is widespread
 Decrease activity of the uptake systems
 Development of efflux pumps for active extrusion of the drug

52
Q

drug of choice for vibrio cholera

A

tetracycline

53
Q

Alternative drug for syphilis

Respiratory infections caused by susceptible organisms

A

tetracycline

54
Q

Treatment of acne

A

tetracycline

55
Q

most common tetracycline used for the treatment of acne

A

doxycycline

56
Q

antibiotic for Leptospirosis

A

tetracycline/doxycycline

57
Q

Prophylaxis against chronic bronchitis

A

tetracycline

58
Q

Prophylaxis against malaria

A

tetracycline

59
Q

Selective uses

 Gastrointestinal ulcers caused by H. pylori

A

 Tetracycline

60
Q

Selective uses

 Lyme disease

A

Doxycycline

61
Q

Selective uses

 Meningococcal carrier state

A

Minocycline

62
Q

Selective uses

 Prevention of malaria
 Treatment of amoebiasis

A

 Doxycycline

63
Q

Selective uses
 ADH-secreting tumors
 Inhibits renal actions of ADH

A

Demeclocycline

64
Q 
Identify which drug has this toxicity
TOXICITY
1.	GI disturbances
	Mild nausea and diarrhea to severe, possibly life-threatening colitis
	Disturbances in the normal flora 
	Candidiasis (oral and vaginal)
	Bacterial superinfection 
	S. aureus or C. difficile 
	Rare
A

tetracyclines

65
Q 
Identify which drug has this toxicity
2.	Bony structures and teeth
	Fetal exposure
	Tooth enamel dysplasia
	Irregularities in bone growth
	Contraindicated in pregnancy
	Younger children (under age 8)
	Enamel dysplasia and crown deformation when permanent teeth appears
	Bind with  calcium and deposit in newly formed bones (impaired long bone formation ) and teeth (discolouration of teeth)
A

tetracyclines

66
Q

Identify which drug has this toxicity
3. Hepatic toxicity
 High doses in pregnant women and those with preexisting renal disease may impair liver function
 Hepatic necrosis

A

tetracyclines

67
Q

Identify which drug has this toxicity

Hepatic toxicity - Hepatic necrosis

A

tetracyclines

68
Q 
Identify which drug has this toxicity
4.	Renal toxicity
	Fanconi’s syndrome
	Renal tubular acidosis
	Intake of outdated tetracycline
A

tetracyclines

69
Q

Identify which drug has this toxicity
4. Vestibular toxicity
 Doxycycline and minocycline
 Dose-dependent reversible dizziness and vertigo

A

tetracyclines

70
Q
  1. Photosensitivity
     Demeclocycline
     Enhanced skin sensitivity to ultraviolet light
A

tetracyclines

71
Q

Rare GI disturbance caused by tetracycline

A

bacterial superinfection

72
Q

GI disturbance caused by tetracycline

A

 Mild nausea and diarrhea to severe, possibly life-threatening colitis
 Disturbances in the normal flora
 Candidiasis (oral and vaginal)
 Bacterial superinfection

73
Q

Toxicity in Bony structures and teeth caused by tetracycline

A
  1. Bony structures and teeth
     Fetal exposure
     Tooth enamel dysplasia
     Irregularities in bone growth
     Younger children (under age 8)
    Enamel dysplasia and crown deformation when permanent teeth appears
     (impaired long bone formation ) (discolouration of teeth)
74
Q
  1. Hepatic toxicity of tetracycline
A

hepatic necrosis

 High doses in pregnant women and those with preexisting renal disease may impair liver function

75
Q

renal toxicity in tetracycline

A

Fanconi’s syndrome

76
Q

 Renal tubular acidosis

 Intake of outdated tetracycline

A

 Fanconi’s syndrome

77
Q

Enhanced skin sensitivity to ultraviolet light caused by which tetracycline

A

Demeclocycline

78
Q

 which 2 AB causes Dose-dependent reversible dizziness and vertigo

A

Doxycycline and minocycline

79
Q

inhibition of transpeptidation by chloramphenicol is catalyzed by

A

peptidyl transferase

80
Q

mode of excretion of chloramphenicol

A

urine

81
Q

Rarely used as a systemic drug

A

chloramphenicol

82
Q

drug that becomes bactericidal for some strains

A

chloramphenicol

83
Q

drug that is commonly used as topical agent (As its clinical use)

A

chloramphenicol

84
Q

cytopenia caused by chloramphenicol is ___-dependent

A

dose dependent

85
Q

cytopenia caused by chloramphenicol is reversible or irreversible

A

reversible

86
Q

multivalent cations

A

Ca, Fe, Al

87
Q

if a patient has gonorrhea, he also has

A

chlamydia

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