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Botany > blood - phyana lec > Flashcards

blood - phyana lec Flashcards

1
Q

– pale yellow fluid

-volume remains relatively constant

A

plasma

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2
Q

Plasma Proteins

contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood

A

albumin

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3
Q

Plasma Proteins
some are part of the immune system (antibodies and complement), some are transport molecules, some are clotting factors (fibrinogen)

A

globulin

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4
Q 
Plasma Proteins
clotting factor (converted to fibrin)
A

fibrinogen

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5
Q

process of blood cell production

A

hematopoiesis

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6
Q

plasma without clotting factors

A

serum

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7
Q

where all formed elements are derived

-differentiate to give rise to different cell lines

A

stem cells or hemacytoblasts

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8
Q

main component of RBC

-accounts for about 1/3 of RBC’s volume and red color

A

hemoglobin

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9
Q

– responsible for oxygen transport

-consists of 4 protein chains and 4 heme groups

A

hemoglobin

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10
Q

has 2/3 of the body’s iron

A

hemoglobin

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11
Q

color of blood

Hemoglobin + O2

A

bright red

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12
Q

color of blood

Hemoglobin (without O2)

A

dark red

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13
Q

– binds to iron in hemoglobin about 210 times more readily than does oxygen

  • does not tend to unbind
  • nausea, headache, unconsciousness, death
A

carbon monoxide

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14
Q

produced in tissues

  • transported to the lungs where it is removed from the blood
  • its transport involves bicarbonate ions, hemoglobin, plasma
  • much is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions
  • can reversibly bind to the globin of hemoglobin
A

carbon dioxide

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15
Q

catalyzes a reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water into a H ion and HCO3- ion

A

carbonic anhydrase

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16
Q

give rise to the red blood cell line

A

Proerythroblast

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17
Q

Requirements for the Cell Division of RBC:

A

Foliate
B12
Iron

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18
Q

hormone that stimulates red bone marrow to produce more RBC

-negative feedback mechanism

A

erythropoeitin

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19
Q

in what form is heme converted during hemoglobin breakdown

A

bilirubin

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20
Q

– yellowish skin color due to build up of bilirubin in the circulation

A

jaundice

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21
Q
  • spherical cells that lack hemoglobin
  • larger than RBC
  • has nucleus
  • leaves the blood and travels by amoeboid movement
A

WBC

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22
Q

most common type of WBC

  • small granules (stain in both acidic and basic dyes)
  • 2-4 lobes
  • remain in blood for a short time
  • phagocytize microorganisms
A

neutrophil

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23
Q

– least common WBC

  • large granules (blue or purple with basic dyes)
  • release histamine and heparin (prevents formation of clots)
A

basophil

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24
Q

– bright red granules with eosin (acidic stain)

  • 2 lobed nucleus
  • involved in inflammatory responses associated with allergies and asthma
  • involved in destroying worm parasites
A

eosinophil

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25
Q

– smallest WBC

  • has a thin, unnoticeable ring (plasma membrane)
  • involved in body’s immune response
  • production of antibodies
A

lymphocytes

26
Q

largest of the WBC

-leave the blood, enter tissues, enlarge and become macrophages

A

monocytes

27
Q

phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, etc

-present the processed substances to lymphocytes to activate them

A

macrophages

28
Q

-produced in red bone marrow from megakaryocytes (large cells)

A

platelets

29
Q

blood loss prevention
immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel
-results when a smooth muscle within the vessel contracts
-also produced by chemicals

A

vascular spasm

30
Q

blood loss prevention

accumulation of platelets that can seal up a small break in a blood vessel

A

platelet plug

31
Q

step in platelet plug formation

A

platelets stick to the collagen exposed by blood vessel damage

  • mediated through von Willebrand factor
  • after platelets adhere to collagen, they become activated, change shape, release chemicals
32
Q

step in platelet plug formation
– platelets release chemicals (ADP and thromboxane) to activate platelets
-activated platelets release chemicals, which activates more platelets
-a positive feedback

A

platelet release reaction

33
Q

step in platelet plug formation

-fibrinogen forms bridges between fibrinogen receptors of numerous platelets, resulting in a platelet plug

A

platelet aggregation

34
Q

– protein produced and secreted by blood vessel endothelial cells
-forms a bridge between collagen and platelets by binding to platelet surface receptors and collagen

A

von Willebrand factor

35
Q

proteins found within plasma which affect the formation of a clot

  • present in plasma but are inactive
  • activated following an injury
  • most are manufactured un the liver
A

clotting factors

36
Q

needed for synthesis of clotting factors

A

vit K and Ca

37
Q

sources of K

A

diet and bacteria

38
Q

– prevent clotting factors from forming clots under normal conditions

A

anticoagulants

39
Q

examples of eanticoagulants

A

Antithrombin and heparin inactivate thrombin

No thrombin, no fibrin, no clot

40
Q

*At an injury site, activation of clotting factors Is very rapid, anticoagulants ____prevent them

A

cannot

41
Q

*Away from the injury site, there are ____ anticoag

A

enough

42
Q

– condensing of a clot into a more compact structure

-pulls the edges of the damaged blood vessel together, helping stop the flow of blood

A

clot retraction

43
Q

– dissolution of a clot

A

fibrinolysis

44
Q

used to dissolve clots.

A

Streptokinase and t-PA

45
Q

transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another

A

transfusion

46
Q

– introduction of a fluid other than blood

(such as saline or glucose solution) into the blood

A

infusion

47
Q

– clumping of rupture of blood cells and clotting within blood vessels
-caused by interactions between antigens and antibodies

A

transfusion reaction

48
Q

proteins found in the plasma

-very specific, each antibody can bind only to a certain antigen

A

antibodies

49
Q

determines the ABO and Rh blood groups of a blood sample

  • cells are separated from serum
  • tested with known antibodies to determine the antigen
A

blood typing

50
Q

– donor’s blood cells are mixed with recipient’s serum

  • donor’s serum is mixed with recipient’s blood cells
  • safe for transfusion if there is no agglutination
A

crossmatch

51
Q

– overabundance of RBC

A

erythrocytosis

52
Q

– lower than normal WBC resulting from decreased production or destruction of red marrow
-caused by radiation, drugs, tumors, viral infections, deficiency of folate or Vit B12

A

leukopenia

53
Q

– abnormally high WBC

-caused by bacterial infections

A

leukocytosis

54
Q

cancer of the red marrow characterized by abnormal production of one or more of WBC types
-can cause leukocytosis

A

leukemia

55
Q
  • determines the percentage of the 5 kinds of WBC

- source of insight into a patient’s condition

A

differential WBC

56
Q

– greatly reduced platelet count

  • results in chronic bleeding through small vessels and capillaries
  • caused by decreased platelet production caused by hereditary disorders, lack of vit B12 (pernicious anemia), drug or radiation therapy
A

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

57
Q
  • calculates how long it takes for the blood to start clotting
  • normal: 9-12 seconds
  • thromboplastin + whole plasma
A

PROTHROMBIN TIME

58
Q

-prothrombin time is officially reported as the

A

International Normalized Ratio (INR)

59
Q

-which standardizes the time it takes to clot on the basis of the slightly different thromboplastins used by different labs

A

International Normalized Ratio (INR)

60
Q

starts the process of clotting

A

Thromboplastin –

Botany (324 decks)

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