blood - phyana lec Flashcards
– pale yellow fluid
-volume remains relatively constant
plasma
Plasma Proteins
contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood
albumin
Plasma Proteins
some are part of the immune system (antibodies and complement), some are transport molecules, some are clotting factors (fibrinogen)
globulin
Plasma Proteins clotting factor (converted to fibrin)
fibrinogen
process of blood cell production
hematopoiesis
plasma without clotting factors
serum
where all formed elements are derived
-differentiate to give rise to different cell lines
stem cells or hemacytoblasts
main component of RBC
-accounts for about 1/3 of RBC’s volume and red color
hemoglobin
– responsible for oxygen transport
-consists of 4 protein chains and 4 heme groups
hemoglobin
has 2/3 of the body’s iron
hemoglobin
color of blood
Hemoglobin + O2
bright red
color of blood
Hemoglobin (without O2)
dark red
– binds to iron in hemoglobin about 210 times more readily than does oxygen
- does not tend to unbind
- nausea, headache, unconsciousness, death
carbon monoxide
produced in tissues
- transported to the lungs where it is removed from the blood
- its transport involves bicarbonate ions, hemoglobin, plasma
- much is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions
- can reversibly bind to the globin of hemoglobin
carbon dioxide
catalyzes a reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water into a H ion and HCO3- ion
carbonic anhydrase
give rise to the red blood cell line
Proerythroblast
Requirements for the Cell Division of RBC:
Foliate
B12
Iron
hormone that stimulates red bone marrow to produce more RBC
-negative feedback mechanism
erythropoeitin
in what form is heme converted during hemoglobin breakdown
bilirubin
– yellowish skin color due to build up of bilirubin in the circulation
jaundice
- spherical cells that lack hemoglobin
- larger than RBC
- has nucleus
- leaves the blood and travels by amoeboid movement
WBC
most common type of WBC
- small granules (stain in both acidic and basic dyes)
- 2-4 lobes
- remain in blood for a short time
- phagocytize microorganisms
neutrophil
– least common WBC
- large granules (blue or purple with basic dyes)
- release histamine and heparin (prevents formation of clots)
basophil
– bright red granules with eosin (acidic stain)
- 2 lobed nucleus
- involved in inflammatory responses associated with allergies and asthma
- involved in destroying worm parasites
eosinophil
– smallest WBC
- has a thin, unnoticeable ring (plasma membrane)
- involved in body’s immune response
- production of antibodies
lymphocytes
largest of the WBC
-leave the blood, enter tissues, enlarge and become macrophages
monocytes
phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, etc
-present the processed substances to lymphocytes to activate them
macrophages
-produced in red bone marrow from megakaryocytes (large cells)
platelets
blood loss prevention
immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel
-results when a smooth muscle within the vessel contracts
-also produced by chemicals
vascular spasm
blood loss prevention
accumulation of platelets that can seal up a small break in a blood vessel
platelet plug
step in platelet plug formation
platelets stick to the collagen exposed by blood vessel damage
- mediated through von Willebrand factor
- after platelets adhere to collagen, they become activated, change shape, release chemicals
step in platelet plug formation
– platelets release chemicals (ADP and thromboxane) to activate platelets
-activated platelets release chemicals, which activates more platelets
-a positive feedback
platelet release reaction
step in platelet plug formation
-fibrinogen forms bridges between fibrinogen receptors of numerous platelets, resulting in a platelet plug
platelet aggregation
– protein produced and secreted by blood vessel endothelial cells
-forms a bridge between collagen and platelets by binding to platelet surface receptors and collagen
von Willebrand factor
proteins found within plasma which affect the formation of a clot
- present in plasma but are inactive
- activated following an injury
- most are manufactured un the liver
clotting factors
needed for synthesis of clotting factors
vit K and Ca
sources of K
diet and bacteria
– prevent clotting factors from forming clots under normal conditions
anticoagulants
examples of eanticoagulants
Antithrombin and heparin inactivate thrombin
No thrombin, no fibrin, no clot
*At an injury site, activation of clotting factors Is very rapid, anticoagulants ____prevent them
cannot
*Away from the injury site, there are ____ anticoag
enough
– condensing of a clot into a more compact structure
-pulls the edges of the damaged blood vessel together, helping stop the flow of blood
clot retraction
– dissolution of a clot
fibrinolysis
used to dissolve clots.
Streptokinase and t-PA
transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another
transfusion
– introduction of a fluid other than blood
(such as saline or glucose solution) into the blood
infusion
– clumping of rupture of blood cells and clotting within blood vessels
-caused by interactions between antigens and antibodies
transfusion reaction
proteins found in the plasma
-very specific, each antibody can bind only to a certain antigen
antibodies
determines the ABO and Rh blood groups of a blood sample
- cells are separated from serum
- tested with known antibodies to determine the antigen
blood typing
– donor’s blood cells are mixed with recipient’s serum
- donor’s serum is mixed with recipient’s blood cells
- safe for transfusion if there is no agglutination
crossmatch
– overabundance of RBC
erythrocytosis
– lower than normal WBC resulting from decreased production or destruction of red marrow
-caused by radiation, drugs, tumors, viral infections, deficiency of folate or Vit B12
leukopenia
– abnormally high WBC
-caused by bacterial infections
leukocytosis
cancer of the red marrow characterized by abnormal production of one or more of WBC types
-can cause leukocytosis
leukemia
- determines the percentage of the 5 kinds of WBC
- source of insight into a patient’s condition
differential WBC
– greatly reduced platelet count
- results in chronic bleeding through small vessels and capillaries
- caused by decreased platelet production caused by hereditary disorders, lack of vit B12 (pernicious anemia), drug or radiation therapy
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
- calculates how long it takes for the blood to start clotting
- normal: 9-12 seconds
- thromboplastin + whole plasma
PROTHROMBIN TIME
-prothrombin time is officially reported as the
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
-which standardizes the time it takes to clot on the basis of the slightly different thromboplastins used by different labs
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
starts the process of clotting
Thromboplastin –
