cell cycle histo lec Flashcards
CELL TYPES based on function
somatic
reproductive
CELL TYPES based on function
- from the body of organisms - maintain life processes
Somatic cell
CELL TYPES based on function
- production of offspring
- animals : gametes
(eggs & sperm)
Reproductive cell
CELL TYPES based on chromosome number
2N - diploid (- specific for each organism )
N - haploid
Cell death purposes (2)
to replace with new cells
and to maintain cell number
cells have just entered a phase of cellular growth
- longest and most variable phase
- active RNA and protein synthesis
G1 -
synthesis of new DNA/chromosome duplication
-beginning of centrosome duplication
S-
cells have double complement of cellular DNA; resting prior to cell division
G2 –
- involved in the chromosome movement
Centriole
- Membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Nuclear Membrane
parts of chromosome
centromere
chromatid kinetochore
- attachment for microtubule of mitotic spindle
Kinetochore
Chromatin thickens into chromosomes
Centriole pairs move to opposite ends of the cell
Spindle fibers begin to form
Nuclear membrane &
nucleoli disintegrates
prophase
Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate
Chromosomes attached to the spindle fiber through kinetochores
Metaphase
Paired chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell
Separation of centromeres
Separated chromosomes are called daughter chromosomes
Anaphase
Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of cell
Spindle fibers disintegrate
Nuclear membrane reforms
Nucleoli reappear Contractile ring (eventually will be cleavage furrow) develops
Telophase
Cytoplasm divides
Produces two daughter cells, each with one nucleus
2n-diploid
cytoplasm
Field of study in genetics which analyzes the number and structure of human and animal chromosomes.
cytogenetics
test to examine chromosomes in a sample of cells, which can help identify genetic problems as the cause of a disorder or disease
karyotyping
Chromosomal Diseases
Down syndrome
Turner syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Cri-du-chat syndrome
ageneticcondition in which a person has 47chromosomesinstead of the usual 46.
- occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 21 - extra chromosome causes problems with the way the body and brain develop.
Down syndrome
Symptoms of Down syndrome
Widely- recognized appearance
Clinodactyly
Floppy
Smaller and abnormally shaped head
- a raregeneticcondition in which a female does not have the usual pair of two X chromosomes.
- The condition only occurs in females.
- female patient has only one X chromosome. (Others may have two X chromosomes, but one of them is incomplete.)
turner syndrome
symptom of turner syndrome in young infants
swollen hands and feet
symptom of turner syndrome in older females (7)
drooping eyelids dry eyes absence or no development during puberty broad and flat chest infertility no periods short height
agenetic disorderin which there is at leastone extra X chromosome for a total of 47chromosomesrather than the 46
have at least two X chromosomes and at least one Y chromosome.
genetic material in thespermsplits unevenly
Not hereditary
klinefelter
klinefelter is also known as also known as
47,XXY
chromosomal disease that does not show symptoms
klinefelter
effects of klinefelter (2)
hypogonadism
sterility
other names for cri du chat syndrome
chromosome 5p deletion syndrome,
5p− syndrome
Lejeune’s syndrome
rare genetic disorder due to a missing part (deletion) ofchromosome 5
cri du chat
characteristic cat-like cryof affected children (meowing kitten) problems with the larynx and nervous system,
cri du chat
cri du chat is more common in
females
symptoms of cri du chat
feeding problems because of difficulty swallowing and sucking;
low birth weightand poor growth;
severe cognitive, speech, and motor delays
behavioral problems such as hyperactivity, aggression, tantrums, and repetitive movements;
unusual facial features which may change over time;
small head and jaw;
wide eyes;
