pharmaco chapter 6 final reviewer Flashcards
• Most of the ganglia are located in the organ innervated, most distant from the spinal cord
PARASYMPATHETIC
• Preganglionic fibers are long and the postganglionic fibers are short
PARASYMPATHETIC
• Most of the ganglia are located in 2 paravertebral chains that lie along the spinal cord
SYMPATHETIC
• Few (prevertebral) on the anterior aspect of the aorta
SYMPATHETIC
• Preganglionic fibers are short and the postganglionic fibers are long
SYMPATHETIC
NEUROTRANSMITTERS (NTAs)
4 FEATURES
- Synthesis
- Storage
- Release
- Termination of action
• Primary transmitter in all autonomic ganglion and parasympathetic postganglionic synapses
• Acetylcholine (ACh)
• ACh is synthesize from acetyl-CoA and choline by
choline acetyltransferase
• ACh is synthesize from ——- by choline acetyltransferase
acetyl-CoA and choline
• Release of Ach transmitter stores from vesicles in the nerve endings requires the entry of — and interaction between several proteins in the vesicle
calcium
- Termination of action of ACh (how)
• Metabolized to acetate and choline by acetylcholinesterase
TERMINATION OF ACTION • By metabolism • Acetylcholinesterase • Monoamine oxidase (MAO) • Cathecol-o-methly transferase (COMT) • Diffuse away from the synaptic cleft and get metabolized elsewhere • Taken up to presynaptic cell • UPTAKE 1 • Taken up to postsynaptic cell • UPTAKE 2
• Not excreted but recycled in the body
Ach
• Inhibits synthesis of ACh into the cell
HEMICHOLINIUM
• Inhibits storage of ACh into the vesicle
VESAMICOL
• Inhibits the release of ACh
BOTULINUM TOXIN
Primary transmitter at the sympathetic postganglionic synapses
Norepinephrine (NE)
• Tyrosine hydroxylase is inhibited by
METYROSINE
inactivates portions of the NTA NE in the cytoplasm
• MAO
TYPE OF NEUROTRANSMITTER
• Metabolism is not responsible for termination of action
NE
inhibits the release of NE
• GUANETHIDINE
inhibit the metabolism of NE
• MAO INHIBITORS
inhibits the transport/storage of NE
• RESERPINE
• Inhibits the synthesis of NE
METYROSINE
• A nerve ending that releases acetylcholine as the primary transmitter
CHOLINERGIC
• Also a synapse in which acetylcholine is the primary transmitter
CHOLINERGIC
• A nerve ending that releases norepinephrine as the primary transmitter
ADRENERGIC
• Also a synapse in which norepinephrine is the primary transmitter
ADRENERGIC
Type of adrenergic receptors Located in • Blood vessels • Presynaptic nerve terminals • Blood platelets • Fat cells (lipocytes) • Neurons in the brain
Alpha
- Drug that block action potential
- Very nonselective
- Act on the process that is common to all neurons
- Eg, lidocaine
LOCAL ANESTHETICS
- Promote the release of NE
* Effect is sympathetic
TYRAMINE AND AMPHETAMINE
• Prevents storage of ACh
VESAMICOL
- Blocks uptake of ACh
* Slows synthesis of ACh
HEMICHOLINIUM
Prevents release ACh
BOTULINUM TOXIN
- Binds alpha receptors
* Causes activation (agonist)
NOREPHINEPHRINE
- Binds alpha receptors
* Prevents activation (antagonist)
PHENTOLAMINE
- Binds beta receptors
* Activates adenyl cyclase (agonist)
ISOPROTERENOL
- Binds to beta receptors
* Prevents activation (antagonist)
PROPRANOLOL
• Causes skeletal muscle contraction (agonist)
NICOTINE
• Prevents skeletal muscle contraction (antagonist)
TUBOCURARINE
- Binds muscarinic receptors
* Activates (agonist)
BETANECHOL
- Binds muscarinic receptors
* Prevents activation
ATROPINE
- Inhibits enzyme acetylcholinesterase
* Prolongs and intensifies transmitter action
NEOSTIGMINE
- Inhibits MAO
* Increases stored transmitter pool
TRANYLCYPROMINE
A receptor that binds, and is activated by, acetylcholine and related drugs
Cholinoceptor, cholinergic receptor
A receptor that binds, and is activated by, one of the catecholamine transmitters or
hormones (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine) and related drugs
Adrenoceptor, adrenergic receptor
