MYCOVIRO - Chapter 59 Flashcards
always unicellular
protozoa
may be unicellular or multicellular
fungi
algae
always multicellular
helminths (have unicellular egg or larval forms)
outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with the environment
Glycocalyx
glycocalyx usually composed of
polysaccharides
Appears as a network of fibers, a slime layer, or a capsule
The Glycocalyx
functions of glycocalyx
Protection
Adhesion
Reception of signals
The layer beneath the glycocalyx varies among eukaryotes
Fungi and most algae (Describe cell wall)
thick, rigid cell wall
The layer beneath the glycocalyx varies among eukaryotes
protozoa and animal cells (Describe cell wall)
do not have this cell wall
Rigid
Provide support and shape
Different chemically from prokaryotic cell walls
cell wall
cell wall function
Provide support and shape
fungi cell wall inner layer (Describe)
Thick, inner layer of chitin or cellulose
fungi cell wall outer layer (Describe)
Thin outer layer of mixed glycans
cell wall of this organism is Varied in chemical composition
algae
composition of algae cell wall (4)
May contain cellulose, pectin, mannans, and minerals
Bilayer of phospholipids with protein molecules embedded
Cytoplasmic Membrane
Cytoplasmic Membrane
contains __
sterols
component of cytoplasmic membrane
Gives stability
Especially important in cells without a cell wall
sterol
Some scattered in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton
Others associated with RER
ribosomes
Composed of large and small subunits of ribonucleoprotein
ribosomes
2 types of microscopic fungi
yeast and mold
types of microscopic fungi
Round oval shape
Unique mode of asexual reproduction
yeast
types of microscopic fungi
Long, threadlike cells
mold
General method of obtaining nutrition
4
Penetrates the substrate
Secretes enzymes
Breaks down the enzymes into small molecules
Absorbs the molecules
the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold
Mycelium-
Unique organizational features of hyphae
divide the hyphae in to segments (most fungi- septate hyphae)
Septa
Unique organizational features of hyphae
one long, continuous cell
Nonseptate hyphae-
visible mass of growth on the substrate surface; penetrates the substrate to digest and absorb nutrients
Vegetative hyphae (mycelia)-
from vegetative hyphae; responsible for the production of spores
Reproductive (fertile) hyphae-
functions of hyphae
vegetative and reproductive
Function of spores
Multiplication
Survival
Producing genetic variation
Dissemination
Primary reproductive mode
- the production of spores
asexual spore
Formed by successive cleavages within the sporangium
Sporangium attached to the sporangiophore
Released when the sporangium ruptures
Sporangiospores
Aka conidia
Free spores
Develop either by pinching off the tip of fertile hypha or by segmentation of a vegetative hypha
conidiospores
type of spore
Increases genetic variation
Majority of fungi produce sexual spores at some point
Sexual Spores
Other characteristics that contribute to identification
Hyphal type
Colony texture and pigmentation
Physiological characteristics
Genetic makeup
Human infection by pathogenic fungi usually occurs through ???
accidental contact
Humans are generally resistant to fungal infection, except for two main types ??
Primary pathogens
Opportunistic pathogens
Mycoses vary in (2)
the way the agent enters the body and the degree of tissue involvement
Benefits of fungi
Decomposing organic matter and returning essential minerals to the soil
Mycorrhizae increase the ability of plant roots to absorb water and nutrients
increase the ability of plant roots to absorb water and nutrients
Mycorrhizae
fungi is used for the production of: (4)
Antibiotics
Alcohol
Organic acids
Vitamins
fungi Acquire nutrients from ___
substrates
Most fungi are saprobes
but Can also be ___
parasites
most fungi Most can propagate by (2)
growth of hyphae or fragmentation
