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Botany > endocrine system histo > Flashcards

endocrine system histo Flashcards

1
Q

Responsible for the synthesis and secretion of chemical messenger

A

endocrine glands

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2
Q

composed of islands of secretory cells of epithelial origin derived from any of the 3 primary germ layers.

A

endocrine glands

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3
Q

It has supporting tissues rich in blood and lymphatic capillaries

Ductless glands

A

endocrine glands

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4
Q

Hypophysis cerebri

A specialized appendage of the brain which secretes a variety of hormones.

A

Pituitary gland

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5
Q

is a small, slightly elongated organ buried in the sella turcica and is covered by the diaphragm sellae.

A

Pituitary gland

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6
Q

divides pituitary gland into anterior and posterior

A

residual lumen of Rathke’s pouch

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7
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

(adenohypophysis / pars distalis)

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8
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

(neurohypophysis / pars nervosa)

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9
Q

this vestigial cleft divides the anterior pituitary from the pars intermedia.

A

residual lumen of Rathke’s pouch

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10
Q

An extension of the adenohypophysis surrounding the neural stalk

A

(PARS TUBERALIS.)

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11
Q

The anterior pituitary arises from

A

the RATHKE’S POUCH

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12
Q

parts/pars of Anterior lobe :

A

1) pars distalis

2) pars tuberalis

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13
Q

parts Posterior lobe :

A

1) pars intermedia

2) pars nervosa

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14
Q

Located between the pars distalis and pars nervosa

Composed of a thin layer of cells and vesicles containing acidophilic colloidal substance

Parenchymal cells are known as MELANOTROPHES

A

pars intermedia

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15
Q

1) Hormones which act directly on non-endocrine tissues:

A

a) GH b) prolactin c) ADH d) oxytocin e) MSH

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16
Q

Hormones which modulates the secretory activities of other endocrine glands (TROPHIC HORMONES):

A

a) TSH b) ACTH c) FSH d) LH

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17
Q

Hormones which modulates the secretory activities of other endocrine glands

A

TROPHIC HORMONES

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18
Q

——– may be described as pituitary-dependent endocrine glands

A

The thyroid, adrenal cortex and gonads

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19
Q

WAYS OF CONTROL OF PITUITARY SECRETIONS

A

Releasing Factors

Feedback Mechanism

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20
Q

The anterior lobe constitutes how many percent of the pituitary gland.

A

75%

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21
Q

The parenchyma(pars distalis) is made up of separated from sinusoidal capillaries by a small amount of reticular fibers.

A

anastomosing cords and clusters of epithelial cells

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22
Q

Endocrine organs

A
  1. Pituitary Gland
  2. Thyroid Gland
  3. Parathyroid gland
  4. Adernal Gland
  5. Paraganglia
  6. Pancreas
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23
Q

anterior lobe

made up of secretory cells derived from Rathke’s pouch, an embrologic extension of the primitive oral cavity.

A

adenohypophysis

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24
Q

the posterior lobe
is composed of neural tissue; it is a direct extension of the brain, and is attached to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk.

A

neurohypophysis

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25
Q

composed of round to polygonal epithelial cells arranged in cords and nests, amid a rich fibrovascular network. These cells release their granules in response to releasing factors elaborated in the hypothalamus.

A

pars distalis

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26
Q

types of parenchymal cells based on staining reactions:

A

chromophils
chromophobes
gamma cells

27
Q

_____________ techniques can be used to classify the cells by their hormone contents

A

immunoperoxidase

28
Q

Located between the pars distalis and pars nervosa

Composed of a thin layer of cells and vesicles containing acidophilic colloidal substance

Parenchymal cells are known as MELANOTROPHES

A

pars intermedia

29
Q

It consists of supporting cells resembling neuroglial cells, the pituicytes and terminal portions of the axons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.

A

pars nervosa/neurophysis

30
Q

accumulations of neurosecretory materials in nerve terminals.

A

HERRING BODIES

31
Q

composed of unmyelinated, tangled nerve fibers that discharge ADH & oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and stored in Herring bodies, into blood stream.

A

Normal Posterior Pituitary Gland

32
Q

HYPERPITUITARISM

3

A
  1. Gigantism
    1. Acromegaly
    2. Hyperprolactinaemia
33
Q

cells that secrete CALCITONIN

A

PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS - secrete CALCITONIN

34
Q

important distinguishing histological feature of thyroid gland

A

Cuboidal epithelium with an orderly arrangement of the nuclei around the follicles -

35
Q

the structural unit of the gland compose the lobules.

A

THYROID FOLLICLES

36
Q

, which is filled with colloid representing the stored product of the follicular lining epithelium.

A

FOLLICULAR CAVITY

37
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE THYROID GLAND

A

Synthesize, store and release hormones THYROXIN (T4) & TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) for regulation of metabolic rate

Elaboration of calcitonin by parafollicular (C) cells – lowers plasma calcium concentration

38
Q

The parenchyma of parathyroid gland is composed of

A

masses and cords of epithelial cells

39
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE PARATHYROID

A

1) Essential for life; they elaborate parathormone which is important in the regulation of calcium metabolism.
2) Decreases the concentration of phosphatase.
3) With a direct effect on the ion transport in the kidney.
* Parathyroid responds directly to blood calcium level and are not under the control of other endocrine organs

40
Q

A pair of triangular flattened yellowish organ embedded in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue. It is encapsulated and gives trabeculae into the cortex.

A

suprarenal/adrenal gland

41
Q

suprarenal gland outer __________

A

bright yellow cortex

42
Q

suprarenal gland inner _________

A

inner reddish brown zone

43
Q

The adrenal glands are functionally and structurally 2 distinct parts:

A

1) Cortex / Inter-renal tissue
– mesodermal

2) Medulla / Chromaffin tissue           
       - ectodermal
44
Q

adrenal cortex 3 zones

A

Divided into 3 zones:

Zona glomerulosa – outer zone

2) Zona fasciculate – middle zone
3) Zona reticularis – inner zone

45
Q

Closely packed clusters and arcades of columnar cells arranged in hooked / horse shoe shaped slightly coiled columns

A

Zona glomerulosa

46
Q

Spheroidal nucleus; deeply stained with one or two nucleoli; acidophilic cytoplasm

A

Zona glomerulosa

47
Q

Secretes mineralocorticoid hormones (aldosterone & deoxycorticosterone) - for fluid & electrolyte balance

A

Zona glomerulosa

48
Q

Composed of cell cords parallel to one another; usually one or two cells in width; separated by a longitudinally arranged sinusoidal capillaries
W/ vesicular nucleus and cytoplasm w/ abundant amount of lipid droplets (cholesterol, fatty acids & neutral fats).

A

Zona Fasciculata

49
Q

Zone that Secretes glucocorticoids.

A

Zona Fasciculata

50
Q

Cells of zona fasciculata appear vacuolated and spongy, hence, they are called .

A

SPONGIOCYTES

51
Q

Thinnest and least distinct

Cells are arranged in cords to form an anastomosing network.

The secretory cells produce the SEX HORMONES.

A

Zona Reticularis

52
Q

Closely packed clumps of secretory cells w/ numerous wide diameter capillaries.

W/ large vesicular nuclei and a strongly basophilic cytoplasm with fine chromaffin granules.

Granules become brown with potassium dichromate (Zenker’s fixative); secretory cells known also as chromaffin cells

A

adrenal medulla

53
Q
  • brown coloration of the granules when exposed to chromium salts due to the oxidation of epinephrine and norepinephrine within the granules of the cells.
A

CHROMAFFIN / PHEOCHROME REACTION

54
Q

Cells containing ————– exhibit a stronger positive chromaffin reaction than adrenalin containing cells (epinephrocytes)

A

noradrenalin (norepinephrocytes)

55
Q

On E/M, the most characteristic feature of adrenal medulla is the ———–

A

presence of numerous membrane bound dense granules.

56
Q

Widely scattered groups of cells that are similar to the medullary cells of the adrenal gland (chromaffin cells).

Cells of the paraganglia and cells of the adrenal medulla (“CHROMAFFIN SYSTEM”).

A

paraganglia

57
Q

(lumbar aortic paraganglia)

A

Paired para-aortic bodies of Zukerkandle

58
Q

Component cells of paraganglia are —————– and give positive pheochrome reaction.

A

“CHROMAFFIN CELLS”

59
Q

The endocrine portion of the pancreas are known as the

A

ISLET OF LANGERHANS

60
Q

3 types of secretory cells with Mallory-Azan stain:

A

alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells

61
Q

3 types of secretory cells with Mallory-Azan stain

large granules; colored brilliant red; less numerous, found in the periphery of the islet.
secrete glucagon

A

1) ALPHA (A cells)

62
Q

3 types of secretory cells with Mallory-Azan stain

smaller cells; located in the interior of the islet; stains brown with Mallory Azan.
60-90% of all islet cells.
synthesize insulin

A

2) BETA cells

63
Q

3 types of secretory cells with Mallory-Azan stain

w/ blue staining granules by Mallory-Azan stain.
secrete somatostatin

A

3) DELTA cells

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