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Botany > endocrine glands > Flashcards

endocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

– stimulates growth of bones, muscles and organs by increasing gene expression

A

GH

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2
Q

-resists protein breakdown and favor fat breakdown during periods of starvation

A

GH

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3
Q

↓GH, young person, small but normally proportioned

A

PITUITARY DWARF

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4
Q
  • ↑GH present before bones finish growing in length
  • exaggerated bone growth
  • abnormally tall
A

GIANTISM

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5
Q

↑GH after completion of bone growth in length

-abnormally large facial features and hands

A

GIANTISM

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6
Q

PERIODS OF INCREASED GH SECRETION

A

↑GH after completion of bone growth in length

-abnormally large facial features and hands

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7
Q

somatomedins

  • influences part of the effect of GH
  • similar in structures to insulin and can bind to insulin receptors
  • secretion from tissues is increased by GH
A

insulin-like growth factors

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8
Q
  • binds to MBR on cells in cortex of adrenal glands
  • increases the secretion of cortisol/hydrocortisone
  • required to keep adrenal cortex from degenerating
A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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9
Q

-bind to melanocytes in skin and increase skin pigmentation

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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10
Q

– bind to MBR on cells of gonads

-regulate growth, development, and functioning of gonads

A

Gonadotropins

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11
Q

cause the ovulation of oocytes and secretion of estrogen and progesterone

A

luteinizing hormone

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12
Q

-stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone

A

Interstitial Cell-stimulating hormone

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13
Q

stimulates development of follicles in ovaries and sperm cells

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) –

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14
Q

binds to MBR in cells of breast

-helps promote development of breast during pregnancy

A

prolactin

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15
Q

-stimulates the production of milk following pregnancy

A

prolactin

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16
Q

binds to MBR on melanocytes

  • causes MBR on melanocytes to synthesize melanin
  • structure is similar to ACTH
A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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17
Q
  • increases water reabsorption by kidney tubules (result: less water lost as urine)
  • causes blood vessels to constrict
A

ADH VASOPRESSIN

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18
Q

– caused by lack of ADH secretion

-production of large amount of dilute urine

A

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

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19
Q

causes contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus

-causes milk letdown from breasts of lactating women

A

OXYTOCIN

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20
Q
  • made up of 2 lobes connected by isthmus
  • lobes are located on each side of trachea
  • one of the largest endocrine glands
  • appears more red because it is highly vascular
  • surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
A

THYROID GLAND

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21
Q

secrete hormone calcitonin

A

C Cells or parafollicular cells

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22
Q

enlargement of thyroid gland

-excess TSH

A

GOITER

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23
Q

– lack of thyroid hormones

A

HYPOTHYROIDISIM

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24
Q

– hypothyroidism in infants

-mental retardation, short stature, abnormally formed skeletal structure

A

cretinism

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25
Q

hypothyroidism in adults

-decreased metabolic rate, sluggishness, reduced ability to perform routine tasks

A

myxedema

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26
Q

elevated rate of thyroid hormone secretion

-metabolic rate, extreme nervousness, chronic fatigue

A

hyperthyroidism

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27
Q

• Graves disease – results when immune system produces abnormal proteins that are similar in structure and function to TSH
-often accompanied by exophthalmia (bulging of eyes)

A

graves disease

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28
Q

required to synthesize thyroid hormones

-taken up by thyroid follicles

A

IODINE

29
Q

secreted if blood concentration of Ca becomes too high

-binds to MBR of osteoclasts and reduces rate of Ca resorption by inhibiting osteoclasts

A

Calcitonin

30
Q
  • embedded in posterior wall of the thyroid gland

- secrete parathyroid hormone

A

PARATHYROID GLANDS

31
Q

Binds to MBR of renal tubule cells – increases active vitamin D formation (Vit D – increase Ca absorption)

A

Parathyroid Hormone

32
Q

Binds to receptors on osteoblasts, increase osteoclast activity, cause resorption of bone tissue, release of Ca

A

Parathyroid Hormone

33
Q

Binds to receptors on renal tubules – decreases rate at which Ca is lost in urine

A

Parathyroid Hormone

34
Q

Acts on target tissues to raise blood Ca levels to normal

A

Parathyroid Hormone

35
Q

abnormally high rate of PTH secretion

A

hyperparathyroidism

36
Q
  • increase in bone resorption and elevated blood Ca levels
  • bones become soft, deformed, easily fractured
  • nerve and muscle cells are less excitable = fatigue and muscle weakness
A

hyperparathyroidism

37
Q

– abnormally low rate of PTH secretion

A

hypoparathyroidism

38
Q
  • low levels of Ca, decrease bone resorption

- nerve and muscle cells are more excitable = muscle cramps or tetanus = severe tetanus = breathing stops

A

hypoparathyroidism

39
Q

fight-or-flight hormones

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

40
Q

type of steroid hormone of the adrenal cortex

helps regulate blood volume and blood levels of K and Na

A

Mineralocorticoids

41
Q
  • binds to receptor molecules in kidneys
  • affects intestine, sweat glands, salivary glands
  • causes Na and H2O to be retained in the body
  • increases the rate at which K is eliminated
A

aldosterone

42
Q

release is caused by low blood pressure

A

renin

43
Q

causes smooth muscle in blood vessels to constrict

-acts on adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone secretion

A

Angiotensin II

44
Q

class of steroid hormone of adrenal cortex
helps regulate blood nutrient levels
-major hormone: cortisol

A

Glucocorticoids

45
Q

– increases fat and protein breakdown

  • increases fat and protein conversion to usable forms of energy
  • causes proteins to be broken down to amino acids
  • reduces inflammatory and immune responses
  • secreted in large amounts in response to stressful conditions so it aids the body by providing energy sources for tissues
A

CORTISOL

46
Q

reduces inflammation cause by injuries

-reduces immune and inflammatory responses resulting from allergic reactions or abnormal responses

A

CORTISONE

47
Q

– regulate secretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex

A

ACTH

48
Q

– stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics

A

ANDROGENS

49
Q

secrete insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells) which help regulate blood levels of nutrients

A

PANCREATIC ISLETS

50
Q

nervous system’s main source of energy

A

glucose

51
Q

– reduced pH of body fluids below normal condition
-result of low blood glucose levels, which causes the breakdown of fats, which causes the release of fatty acids and ketones

A

acidosis

52
Q

– respond to elevated blood glucose levels and increased parasympathetic stimulation associated with digestion of a meal
-respond to blood levels of certain amino acids

A

insulin

53
Q
  • binds to MBR receptors and increases the rate of glucose and amino acid uptake
  • glucose is converted to glycogen or fat, amino acid to protein
A

insulin

54
Q

– too little insulin secreted

-tissues cannot take up glucose effectively

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

55
Q

too much insulin present, no glucose, brain malfunctions (no energy source)
-causes disorientation, convulsions, loss of consciousness

A

Insulin shock

56
Q

– insufficient numbers of insulin receptors on target cells

-defective receptors

A

Type 2 Diabetus Mellitus

57
Q

– released from alpha cells when blood glucose are low

-binds to MBR in liver, causing glycogen → glucose

A

Glucagon

58
Q

male sex hormone, secreted by testes

-growth and development of male reproductive structures, muscle enlargement, growth of body hair, etc

A

Testosterone –

59
Q

– development and function of female reproductive structures

  • enlargement of breasts and distribution of fat
  • menstrual cycle
A

Estrogen & Progesterone

60
Q

stimulate secretion of hormones from ovaries and testes

-also has a negative feedback

A

LH & FSH –

61
Q
  • upper part of thoracic cavity
  • important in the function of immune system
  • secretes thymosin
  • most important early in life
A

Thymus

62
Q

aids the development of T cells (WBC)

A

thymosin

63
Q

help protect body against infection

A

T cells –

64
Q
  • small, pine-cone shaped structure
  • located superior and posterior to the thalamus
  • produces melatonin
A

PINEAL GLAND

65
Q

– function as intercellular signals, widely distributed throughout the body

  • not transported long distances
  • cause contraction and relaxation of different smooth muscles
  • used medically to initiate abortion
  • inflammation: released by damaged tissues and cause blood vessel dilation, localized swelling, pain
  • necessary for normal blood clotting
A

prostaglandins

66
Q

secreted by kidneys

  • respond to reduced O2 levels in kidney
  • acts on bone marrow to increase production of RBC
A

Erythropoietin

67
Q

– similar in structure and function to LH

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

68
Q

important source of hormones that maintain pregnancy and stimulate breast development

A

Placenta

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