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Botany > SA > Flashcards

SA Flashcards

1
Q

• Study of patterned and shared human behavior (Palispis, 2007)

A

Sociology

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2
Q

social institutions, social groups, stratification, social mobility, bureaucracy , ethnic groups and relations; (family education, politics, religion and economy)

A

social organization

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3
Q

human nature resulting from group life, social attitudes, collective behavior and personality formation (rally, mob,wake)

A

social psychology

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4
Q

change in culture and social relations; social disruptions; adjustments with regards to group behavior; removing the main purpose for a social purpose, detaching from the actual experience (Ex. The use of smartphones)

A

social change and social disorganization

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5
Q

nature and behavior of a given population and its relationship with other groups or with existing institutions

A

human ecology

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6
Q

number, composition, changes and quality of a given population as they affect the economic, political and social systems

A

population/demography

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7
Q

how principles and theories of group life may be applied and used for the regulation of man

A

sociological theory and method

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8
Q

application of findings of sociological research in various aspects of social life.

A

applied sociology

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9
Q

➢ Systematic investigation of behavior needed to improve society
➢ Father of Sociology

A

August Comte

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10
Q

➢ Law of three stages: universal law at work in all sciences, stages of development of all knowledge about humanity

A

August Comte

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11
Q

➢ Idea of Positivism (necessary for rebuilding a society on a rational basis)

A

August Comte

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12
Q

➢ Published Positive philosophy (summarizes stages of development of all knowledge about humanity)

A

August Comte

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13
Q

➢ Coined term “sociology”

A

August Comte

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14
Q

➢ Applying scientific method to study of society and social relations

A

August Comte

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15
Q

➢ German philosopher, political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist and revolutionary

➢ Wrote the Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels

➢ Worked with Engels

A

Marx

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16
Q

➢ Credited for being the founder of communism

A

Marx

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17
Q

➢ No property, no hierarchy, no social discrimination (Criticism: people will always find a measure of social hierarchy)

A

Marx

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18
Q

➢ Central tenet: Exploitation of the labor force (bottom of the worker hierarchy: GP, nurses, midwives)

A

Marx

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19
Q

➢ All aspects of society are economically conditioned and controlled by capitalism

A

Marx

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20
Q

➢ Society divided between two classes that clash in pursuit of interests

A

Marx

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21
Q
  • Works:
  • The Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism
  • The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism
  • Theory of Social and Economic Organization
  • Politics as a Vocation – entity claiming monopoly on the legitimate use of violence
A

Max Weber

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22
Q

• Studies traditional organization and formal organization (black and white and no gray area)

A

Max Weber

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23
Q

To comprehend behavior, one must learn subjective meaning people attach to actions
Employ verstehen: understanding; insight
Ideal type: Construct for evaluating specific cases

A

Max Weber

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24
Q

➢ Breakdown of traditional social organizations → anomie (condition of normlessness and loss of social control)

A

Emile Durkheim

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25
Q

➢ Suicides

A

Emile Durkheim

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26
Q

➢ Division of Labor in Society

A

Emile Durkheim

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27
Q

➢ 1st French academic sociologist who obtained a doctorate degree in sociology

A

Emile Durkheim

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28
Q

Proponent of the Functionalist Theory

A

Emile Durkheim

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29
Q

➢ Individuals are more of a product that creator of society

A

Emile Durkheim

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30
Q

➢ Behavior must be understood within larger social context: individuals are more of a product that creator of society (Ex. ↑ display of sensuality and intimacy, people becomes more open to that practice)

A

Emile Durkheim

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31
Q 
➢	Major works and contribution include:
•	The Rules of the Sociological Method
•	Sociology of Religion 
•	Sociology of Education 
•	Crime and deviance (Normal and pathological)
•	Suicide
A

Emile Durkheim

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32
Q

• Social theory: Introduction of typologies of social groups
• Gemeinshaft: type of group willed into being because of sympathy among its members, or the expression of their will (ex. Neighborhood and friendship group)
-mechanical society
-with emotional attachment; goal: join organizations, look for friends, etc
• Gesellschaft or the arbitrarily willed group that arises to attain some definite end (ex. City and the state)
-organic society; goal-oriented
-no emotional attachment; main goal: study

A

Ferdinand Toennies (1855-1936)

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33
Q

• Taught political economy (now economics)

A

William Graham Sumner

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34
Q

• Author of Folkways and the Science of Society – study of folkways

A

William Graham Sumner

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35
Q

• Coined the term ‘ethnocentrism’ (inclination or belief that your culture is superior than others; majority of the Europeans)

A

William Graham Sumner

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36
Q

• Theory of structural functionalism

•

A

A.R. Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955)

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37
Q

• Contributions in the development of the structural-functionalism (anthropological use)

A

A.R. Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955)

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38
Q

Made anthropology a college subject

A

A.R. Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955)

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39
Q

• Worked alongside Karl Marx
•
•

A

Friedrich Engels (1820-1903)

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40
Q

Works: The condition of the working class in England; Socialism: Utopian and Scientific; Origin of family, private property and the state.

A

Friedrich Engels

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41
Q

Co-authored the Communist Manifesto

A

Friedrich Engels

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42
Q
  • The Theory of the Leisure Class (critique of American economy)
  • Concepts of conspicuous consumption (buying goods to show people that they are rich
A

Thorstein Veblen

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43
Q
  • Russian-American

* Founded the Department of Sociology at Harvard University

A

Pitirim Sorokin (1889-1968)

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44
Q

• General theory for the study of society: “Action theory”

A

Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)

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45
Q

Human action is not to be completely free but grounded in norms or ultimate principles of action

A

Talcott Parsons

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46
Q

Brought the theories of the grand masters (Durkheim and Weber) to the US and embedded these in the American culture

A

Talcott Parsons

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47
Q

Key proponent of the Structural-Functionalist perspective (sociology)
•

A

Talcott Parsons

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48
Q

Studies human being through genetics, inherited traits, evolution and adaptation. (Use of fossils especially of human bones)

A

Physical anthropology / biological anthropology:

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49
Q

Main concern is human society and culture. Investigates the culture and social organizations of a particular group of people including their language, political organization, kinship, socialization, tradition and gender relation.

A

Cultural anthropology

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50
Q

studies the process of human communications (i.e. variation of language across time); relationship of language and other aspects of culture like ethnicity, social status, etc.

A

Linguistic anthropology

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51
Q

examines the distribution and form of artifacts, and the cultural patterns or movements of ancient life. It aims to reconstruct an individual’s past behavior by studying the fossils and artifacts.

A

Archaeology

52
Q

first systematic anthropological work

-recorded the beliefs and customs of the Aztec

A

Fray Bernardino Sahagun

53
Q

Customs of the American Savages Compared with Customs of Early Times (comparative ethnology)
-work with the Iroquois

A

Francois Lafitau

54
Q

– anthropology as a full-fledged field

-proponent of the three stages of evolution of human society (savagery, barbarism, civilization)

A

William Robertson

55
Q
  • Theory of speculative evolutionism that dealt with the concept of culture and the evolutionary development of religion in a culture
  • Unilinealism – all societies pass through a single evolutionary process
  • Cultural diffusionism
A

Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917)

56
Q
  • Founder of kinship studies

* Greatest contribution: reconstructing the evolution of kinship system.

A

Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)

57
Q
  • Father of American anthropology
  • Stressed the need to develop reliable and objective methods of observation and data gathering in ethnographic studies (empirical)
  • Interrelatedness of the 4 main fields in anthropology had its origins in ___ anthropology
  • Fought discrimination against immigrants
A

Franz Boas

58
Q
  • Instrumental in introducing anthropology as a university subject
  • Contributions in developing the structural-functionalist approach
  • Initiated the development of methods of observation and recording in ethnographic study
A

A.R. Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955)

59
Q
  • Early works were anthropological, but shifted to sociology
  • Just like Radcliffe-Brown, stressed the importance of empiricism and training method in building scientific base
A

Emile Durkheim

60
Q
  • Contributions in data gathering procedure through the native’s point of view (method later called as the participant observation)
  • Ethnographic studies in New Guinea
  • Argonauts of the Western Pacific
A

Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942)

61
Q
  • 20th century public anthropologist; mentored by Franz Boas
  • Did a number of ethnographic studies in the Pacific
  • An great in influence in American anthropology
  • Coming of Age in Samoa
A

Margaret Mead (1901-1978)

62
Q
  • Extensive anthropological studies about the Philippines ; one of the pioneers of Philippine anthropology
  • Spent his career in pursuit of procuring and conserving evidence of ancient culture of the Philippines.
A

Dr. Henry Otley Beyer

63
Q
  • Wrote about pre-Hispanic Philippines

* Led a team to conduct excavations in Batangas

A

Robert Bradford Fox (1918-1985)

64
Q

• Filipino values

A

Felipe Landa Jocano (1930-present)

65
Q
  • Wrote about the Cordilleras and the pre-Hispanic Philippines.
  • PhD from UST
  • Best known for debunking the Kalantiaw legend
A

William Henry Scott (1921-1993)

66
Q
  • American anthropologist recognized as the most senior practitioner of archaeology in Southeast Asia.
  • Pioneer in the study of Philippine and Southeast Asian prehistoric archaeology
  • Hypothesized the existence of Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network
A

Wilhelm Solheim (1924-present)

67
Q
  • Medical anthropologist
  • Wrote about indigenous medical beliefs, sexuality, reproductive and sexual health, pharmaceuticals and health policies.
A

Michael Tan, Ph.D

68
Q

– early recent; 65 M years ago

  • death of dinosaurs
  • existence of pre-primates like femur
A
  1. Paleocene
69
Q

– 30 -45 M years ago

  • warm tropical climates
  • order of mammals and prosimian like primates
  • Anthropoids
A
  1. Eocene
70
Q

30 M years ago, very short

-elephants with trunks, horses, grasslands

A
  1. Oligocene
71
Q

– 23 M y.a.

-kelp forests and grasslands

A
  1. Miocene
72
Q

5 M ya, cooling and drying of environment

  • grasslands and savannas
  • robustus, africanus, anamensis, ardipithecus
A
  1. Pliocene –
73
Q

earliest forms

  • subsistence economies rarely produce surplus
  • unit of social organization: household and local clan
  • division of labor based on sex
A
  1. Hunting, and Fishing, and Gathering society
74
Q

– 12 000 – 15 000 ya ago

  • first breakthrough in subsistence economy: development of agriculture
  • occupational specialization
  • well-established social stratification
A
  1. Horticultural society
75
Q

– herding and domestication

A
  1. Pastoral society
76
Q

– 5000 to 6000 ya ago

  • occurrence of 2nd agricultural revolution
  • use of plow and irrigation
  • capable of producing huge surpluses
A
  1. Agricultural society
77
Q

– 3rd major revolution in production
-substitution of mechanical, electrical, and fossil-fuel energy for human and animal labor = growth in productivity and knowledge and technology

A
  1. Industrial Society
78
Q

– special knowledge

  • spread of computer industries
  • highly ttained specialists
A
  1. Post-industrial society
78
Q

Excavations of tabon man (with robert fox and alfred evangelista)

A

Dr Henry Otley beyer

79
Q

Gave the idea of malay, negrito, indones

A

Dr Henry Otley beyer

80
Q

According to THEM, civilization developed from within dispersal of culture

A

Jocano

Wilhelm Solheim II

81
Q

According to him the idea of malay negrito and indones is questionable

A

Felipe landa Jocano

82
Q

Concept of survival of the fittest

A

Herbert Spencer

83
Q

Studied how cultures differ based on Western parameters

A

Margaret Mead

84
Q

According to him culture must be studied by living with the people

A

Bronislaw Malinowski

85
Q

Hand axe discovered in Europe

A

Abbevilian

86
Q

Found in Taung south africa

One of the earliest known

A

Australopithecus or Southern Ape

87
Q

Skull found by Louis Leakey in Olduvai, George, Tanzania

A

Zinjanthropus

88
Q

Skull teeth femur found by eugen dubois in East Java

A

Java Man

Pithecanthropus erectus

89
Q

Upright ape man

A

Pithecanthropus erectus

90
Q

Found in beijing china

A

Sinanthropus pekinensis or peking Man

91
Q

Current name of Sinanthropus pekinensis

A

Homo erectus pekinensis

92
Q

Found by B.D. Van rietschoten in Gunung Lawu, Central java

Turned over to Dubois

A

Wadjak Man I

93
Q

More advances form of hominid found in Sarawak, Borneo

Late immaturity unknown sex

A

Niah man

94
Q

According to —–, —— are what distinguishes ancient ape-like man from true apes

A

Oakley

Tools

95
Q

Tools in the iron age

A

dagger

Roman scythe

96
Q

Tools during the bronze age

A

Bronze buckets and axheads

97
Q

Hand axe discovered in europe

A

Abbevilian

98
Q

Where were the oldest artifacts in asia found?

A

Zhoukoudian China

99
Q

What were the artifacts discovered in Zhoukoudian China

A

Chopping tools fromcchert pebbles

100
Q

Related disciplines to SA

A

History
Political science
Psychology
Economics

101
Q

Methods of Inquiry

A

Empirical investigation
Objectivity
Ethnical neutrality
Sociological imagination

102
Q

Pertain to how society os viewed

A

Sociological frameworks

103
Q

Sociological theories

A

Pay attention to existig realities in the society and tries to formulate explanations as to cause and effects

104
Q

Totality of social organizations which include social structure and system

A

Society

105
Q

Organization and stability is determined by harmonious social functions

A

Structural functionalism

106
Q

CHanging social roles, linkages and institutions affect parts of society and disrupts social system

A

Structural functionalism

107
Q

Example of Structural functionalism

A

Caste system

108
Q

Societies make selections and adjustments leading to social change for adaptation purposes in order to improve social conditions

A

Social darwinism

109
Q

Example of social darwinism

A 
Genocide
Ethnic cleansing
Capital punishment
Revolutions
Feudal system
110
Q 
Economic determinism or factors determine the:
 course of social change 
 Social class conflict in a struggle towards control of resources
A

Conflict theory

111
Q

Examples ofconflict theory

A

War
Competition
Exploitation
Oppression

112
Q

Society is being built out of the conflicting interests of the owner class and working class

A

Social conflict theory by marx

113
Q

In his view, the ensuing struggle between classes would lead to a classless society

A

Social conflict theory

114
Q

Society is created from the ongoing conflict between key groups

A

Social conflict theory

115
Q

According to the social conflict theory, who are the main economic classes of society?

A

Those who own the main wealth of society

Those who own little but their ability to labor

116
Q

People derived meaning from symbols attahed in interactions which in turn determines their course of action and reaction

A

Symbolic interactionism

117
Q

Examples of symbolic interactionism

A

Love parenthood

Smile money

118
Q

Social relationships form and continue insofar as it is rewardih
Dissolves when it is no longer mutually beneficial or satisfying

A

Exchange theory

119
Q

Examples of exchange theory

A

Husband wife
Employer employee
Entrepreneur client

120
Q

Classification of social groups based on organization

A

Formal informal

121
Q

Classification of social groups based on membership

A

Open group

Closed group

122
Q

Classification of social groups based on structure

A

Primary

Secondary

123
Q

Classification of social groups based on association and orientation

A

Gemeinschaft and

Gesselschaft

124
Q

Classification of social groups based on purpose

A

Interest group

Pressure group

125
Q

Classification of social groups based on perspectives

A

In
Out
Reference

126
Q

Similarities of S and A

A

Social sciences
Highly relevant to the society
Systematized

Botany (324 decks)

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