SA Flashcards
• Study of patterned and shared human behavior (Palispis, 2007)
Sociology
social institutions, social groups, stratification, social mobility, bureaucracy , ethnic groups and relations; (family education, politics, religion and economy)
social organization
human nature resulting from group life, social attitudes, collective behavior and personality formation (rally, mob,wake)
social psychology
change in culture and social relations; social disruptions; adjustments with regards to group behavior; removing the main purpose for a social purpose, detaching from the actual experience (Ex. The use of smartphones)
social change and social disorganization
nature and behavior of a given population and its relationship with other groups or with existing institutions
human ecology
number, composition, changes and quality of a given population as they affect the economic, political and social systems
population/demography
how principles and theories of group life may be applied and used for the regulation of man
sociological theory and method
application of findings of sociological research in various aspects of social life.
applied sociology
➢ Systematic investigation of behavior needed to improve society
➢ Father of Sociology
August Comte
➢ Law of three stages: universal law at work in all sciences, stages of development of all knowledge about humanity
August Comte
➢ Idea of Positivism (necessary for rebuilding a society on a rational basis)
August Comte
➢ Published Positive philosophy (summarizes stages of development of all knowledge about humanity)
August Comte
➢ Coined term “sociology”
August Comte
➢ Applying scientific method to study of society and social relations
August Comte
➢ German philosopher, political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist and revolutionary
➢ Wrote the Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels
➢ Worked with Engels
Marx
➢ Credited for being the founder of communism
Marx
➢ No property, no hierarchy, no social discrimination (Criticism: people will always find a measure of social hierarchy)
Marx
➢ Central tenet: Exploitation of the labor force (bottom of the worker hierarchy: GP, nurses, midwives)
Marx
➢ All aspects of society are economically conditioned and controlled by capitalism
Marx
➢ Society divided between two classes that clash in pursuit of interests
Marx
- Works:
- The Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism
- The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism
- Theory of Social and Economic Organization
- Politics as a Vocation – entity claiming monopoly on the legitimate use of violence
Max Weber
• Studies traditional organization and formal organization (black and white and no gray area)
Max Weber
To comprehend behavior, one must learn subjective meaning people attach to actions
Employ verstehen: understanding; insight
Ideal type: Construct for evaluating specific cases
Max Weber
➢ Breakdown of traditional social organizations → anomie (condition of normlessness and loss of social control)
Emile Durkheim
➢ Suicides
Emile Durkheim
➢ Division of Labor in Society
Emile Durkheim
➢ 1st French academic sociologist who obtained a doctorate degree in sociology
Emile Durkheim
Proponent of the Functionalist Theory
Emile Durkheim
➢ Individuals are more of a product that creator of society
Emile Durkheim
➢ Behavior must be understood within larger social context: individuals are more of a product that creator of society (Ex. ↑ display of sensuality and intimacy, people becomes more open to that practice)
Emile Durkheim
➢ Major works and contribution include: • The Rules of the Sociological Method • Sociology of Religion • Sociology of Education • Crime and deviance (Normal and pathological) • Suicide
Emile Durkheim
• Social theory: Introduction of typologies of social groups
• Gemeinshaft: type of group willed into being because of sympathy among its members, or the expression of their will (ex. Neighborhood and friendship group)
-mechanical society
-with emotional attachment; goal: join organizations, look for friends, etc
• Gesellschaft or the arbitrarily willed group that arises to attain some definite end (ex. City and the state)
-organic society; goal-oriented
-no emotional attachment; main goal: study
Ferdinand Toennies (1855-1936)
• Taught political economy (now economics)
William Graham Sumner
• Author of Folkways and the Science of Society – study of folkways
William Graham Sumner
• Coined the term ‘ethnocentrism’ (inclination or belief that your culture is superior than others; majority of the Europeans)
William Graham Sumner
• Theory of structural functionalism
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A.R. Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955)
• Contributions in the development of the structural-functionalism (anthropological use)
A.R. Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955)
Made anthropology a college subject
A.R. Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955)
• Worked alongside Karl Marx
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Friedrich Engels (1820-1903)
Works: The condition of the working class in England; Socialism: Utopian and Scientific; Origin of family, private property and the state.
Friedrich Engels
Co-authored the Communist Manifesto
Friedrich Engels
- The Theory of the Leisure Class (critique of American economy)
- Concepts of conspicuous consumption (buying goods to show people that they are rich
Thorstein Veblen
- Russian-American
* Founded the Department of Sociology at Harvard University
Pitirim Sorokin (1889-1968)
• General theory for the study of society: “Action theory”
Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)
Human action is not to be completely free but grounded in norms or ultimate principles of action
Talcott Parsons
Brought the theories of the grand masters (Durkheim and Weber) to the US and embedded these in the American culture
Talcott Parsons
Key proponent of the Structural-Functionalist perspective (sociology)
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Talcott Parsons
Studies human being through genetics, inherited traits, evolution and adaptation. (Use of fossils especially of human bones)
Physical anthropology / biological anthropology:
Main concern is human society and culture. Investigates the culture and social organizations of a particular group of people including their language, political organization, kinship, socialization, tradition and gender relation.
Cultural anthropology
studies the process of human communications (i.e. variation of language across time); relationship of language and other aspects of culture like ethnicity, social status, etc.
Linguistic anthropology
examines the distribution and form of artifacts, and the cultural patterns or movements of ancient life. It aims to reconstruct an individual’s past behavior by studying the fossils and artifacts.
Archaeology
first systematic anthropological work
-recorded the beliefs and customs of the Aztec
Fray Bernardino Sahagun
Customs of the American Savages Compared with Customs of Early Times (comparative ethnology)
-work with the Iroquois
Francois Lafitau
– anthropology as a full-fledged field
-proponent of the three stages of evolution of human society (savagery, barbarism, civilization)
William Robertson
- Theory of speculative evolutionism that dealt with the concept of culture and the evolutionary development of religion in a culture
- Unilinealism – all societies pass through a single evolutionary process
- Cultural diffusionism
Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917)
- Founder of kinship studies
* Greatest contribution: reconstructing the evolution of kinship system.
Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)
- Father of American anthropology
- Stressed the need to develop reliable and objective methods of observation and data gathering in ethnographic studies (empirical)
- Interrelatedness of the 4 main fields in anthropology had its origins in ___ anthropology
- Fought discrimination against immigrants
Franz Boas
- Instrumental in introducing anthropology as a university subject
- Contributions in developing the structural-functionalist approach
- Initiated the development of methods of observation and recording in ethnographic study
A.R. Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955)
- Early works were anthropological, but shifted to sociology
- Just like Radcliffe-Brown, stressed the importance of empiricism and training method in building scientific base
Emile Durkheim
- Contributions in data gathering procedure through the native’s point of view (method later called as the participant observation)
- Ethnographic studies in New Guinea
- Argonauts of the Western Pacific
Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942)
- 20th century public anthropologist; mentored by Franz Boas
- Did a number of ethnographic studies in the Pacific
- An great in influence in American anthropology
- Coming of Age in Samoa
Margaret Mead (1901-1978)
- Extensive anthropological studies about the Philippines ; one of the pioneers of Philippine anthropology
- Spent his career in pursuit of procuring and conserving evidence of ancient culture of the Philippines.
Dr. Henry Otley Beyer
- Wrote about pre-Hispanic Philippines
* Led a team to conduct excavations in Batangas
Robert Bradford Fox (1918-1985)
• Filipino values
Felipe Landa Jocano (1930-present)
- Wrote about the Cordilleras and the pre-Hispanic Philippines.
- PhD from UST
- Best known for debunking the Kalantiaw legend
William Henry Scott (1921-1993)
- American anthropologist recognized as the most senior practitioner of archaeology in Southeast Asia.
- Pioneer in the study of Philippine and Southeast Asian prehistoric archaeology
- Hypothesized the existence of Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network
Wilhelm Solheim (1924-present)
- Medical anthropologist
- Wrote about indigenous medical beliefs, sexuality, reproductive and sexual health, pharmaceuticals and health policies.
Michael Tan, Ph.D
– early recent; 65 M years ago
- death of dinosaurs
- existence of pre-primates like femur
- Paleocene
– 30 -45 M years ago
- warm tropical climates
- order of mammals and prosimian like primates
- Anthropoids
- Eocene
30 M years ago, very short
-elephants with trunks, horses, grasslands
- Oligocene
– 23 M y.a.
-kelp forests and grasslands
- Miocene
5 M ya, cooling and drying of environment
- grasslands and savannas
- robustus, africanus, anamensis, ardipithecus
- Pliocene –
earliest forms
- subsistence economies rarely produce surplus
- unit of social organization: household and local clan
- division of labor based on sex
- Hunting, and Fishing, and Gathering society
– 12 000 – 15 000 ya ago
- first breakthrough in subsistence economy: development of agriculture
- occupational specialization
- well-established social stratification
- Horticultural society
– herding and domestication
- Pastoral society
– 5000 to 6000 ya ago
- occurrence of 2nd agricultural revolution
- use of plow and irrigation
- capable of producing huge surpluses
- Agricultural society
– 3rd major revolution in production
-substitution of mechanical, electrical, and fossil-fuel energy for human and animal labor = growth in productivity and knowledge and technology
- Industrial Society
– special knowledge
- spread of computer industries
- highly ttained specialists
- Post-industrial society
Excavations of tabon man (with robert fox and alfred evangelista)
Dr Henry Otley beyer
Gave the idea of malay, negrito, indones
Dr Henry Otley beyer
According to THEM, civilization developed from within dispersal of culture
Jocano
Wilhelm Solheim II
According to him the idea of malay negrito and indones is questionable
Felipe landa Jocano
Concept of survival of the fittest
Herbert Spencer
Studied how cultures differ based on Western parameters
Margaret Mead
According to him culture must be studied by living with the people
Bronislaw Malinowski
Hand axe discovered in Europe
Abbevilian
Found in Taung south africa
One of the earliest known
Australopithecus or Southern Ape
Skull found by Louis Leakey in Olduvai, George, Tanzania
Zinjanthropus
Skull teeth femur found by eugen dubois in East Java
Java Man
Pithecanthropus erectus
Upright ape man
Pithecanthropus erectus
Found in beijing china
Sinanthropus pekinensis or peking Man
Current name of Sinanthropus pekinensis
Homo erectus pekinensis
Found by B.D. Van rietschoten in Gunung Lawu, Central java
Turned over to Dubois
Wadjak Man I
More advances form of hominid found in Sarawak, Borneo
Late immaturity unknown sex
Niah man
According to —–, —— are what distinguishes ancient ape-like man from true apes
Oakley
Tools
Tools in the iron age
dagger
Roman scythe
Tools during the bronze age
Bronze buckets and axheads
Hand axe discovered in europe
Abbevilian
Where were the oldest artifacts in asia found?
Zhoukoudian China
What were the artifacts discovered in Zhoukoudian China
Chopping tools fromcchert pebbles
Related disciplines to SA
History
Political science
Psychology
Economics
Methods of Inquiry
Empirical investigation
Objectivity
Ethnical neutrality
Sociological imagination
Pertain to how society os viewed
Sociological frameworks
Sociological theories
Pay attention to existig realities in the society and tries to formulate explanations as to cause and effects
Totality of social organizations which include social structure and system
Society
Organization and stability is determined by harmonious social functions
Structural functionalism
CHanging social roles, linkages and institutions affect parts of society and disrupts social system
Structural functionalism
Example of Structural functionalism
Caste system
Societies make selections and adjustments leading to social change for adaptation purposes in order to improve social conditions
Social darwinism
Example of social darwinism
Genocide Ethnic cleansing Capital punishment Revolutions Feudal system
Economic determinism or factors determine the: course of social change Social class conflict in a struggle towards control of resources
Conflict theory
Examples ofconflict theory
War
Competition
Exploitation
Oppression
Society is being built out of the conflicting interests of the owner class and working class
Social conflict theory by marx
In his view, the ensuing struggle between classes would lead to a classless society
Social conflict theory
Society is created from the ongoing conflict between key groups
Social conflict theory
According to the social conflict theory, who are the main economic classes of society?
Those who own the main wealth of society
Those who own little but their ability to labor
People derived meaning from symbols attahed in interactions which in turn determines their course of action and reaction
Symbolic interactionism
Examples of symbolic interactionism
Love parenthood
Smile money
Social relationships form and continue insofar as it is rewardih
Dissolves when it is no longer mutually beneficial or satisfying
Exchange theory
Examples of exchange theory
Husband wife
Employer employee
Entrepreneur client
Classification of social groups based on organization
Formal informal
Classification of social groups based on membership
Open group
Closed group
Classification of social groups based on structure
Primary
Secondary
Classification of social groups based on association and orientation
Gemeinschaft and
Gesselschaft
Classification of social groups based on purpose
Interest group
Pressure group
Classification of social groups based on perspectives
In
Out
Reference
Similarities of S and A
Social sciences
Highly relevant to the society
Systematized
