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XIO > Traffic - week 4 > Flashcards

Traffic - week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

CNS is..

A

A “wired” system

  • specific pathways for transmission of signals between areas of body
  • In general, coordinates rapid, precise responses - interacts with endocrine system (“wireless”)
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2
Q

afferent (sensory) division

A

carries information toward CNS

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3
Q

Organization of nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS) 1. brain and spinal cord - peripheral nervous system (PNS) 1. nerve fibers carry information between CNS and rest of body

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4
Q

efferent (motor) division

A

carries information away from CNS to effector organs (muscles, glands). somatic nervous system. autonomic nervous system.

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5
Q

somatic nervous system (somas)

A

motor neurons supplying muscles

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6
Q

autonomic nervous system (fight)

A

(1) innervates smooth and cardiac muscle, glands (2) sympathetic division (“fight or flight”)
(3) parasympathetic division (“resting and digesting”)

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7
Q

3 Classes of neurons (AIE)

A

AIE

afferent, efferent, interneurons (most)

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8
Q

afferent - where

A

AP, near spinal so friends with synapses in spinal cord

  1. in afferent division of PNS
  2. peripheral end has a sensory receptor
    a. generates APs in response to a stimulus 3. cell body near spinal cord
  3. synapses with other neurons in spinal cord
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9
Q

efferent (mec)

A

mec

  1. in efferent division of PNS
  2. cell body in CNS
  3. terminates at a muscle or gland
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10
Q

interneurons

A
  1. in CNS, between afferent and efferent

neurons 2. interconnect with one another. protection nourishment of brain

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11
Q

glial cells (neuroglia) supporting cells of CNS

A

EMOA

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia

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12
Q

astrocytes (HSSTCCK)

A

HSSCCK (holds neurons, scar, synapse formation, changes in blood, communication, K+)

a. hold neurons together
b. repair of injury and scar formation
c. induce changes in blood vessels (blood-brain barrier) and participate in transport across barrier d. take up and break down some nts (glutamate, GABA)
e. take up excess K+ in ECF
f. enhance synapse formation and modify function, physical and chemical influences
g. communicate with each other and neurons via
gap junctions, nts, and other chemicals

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13
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

a. forms myelin sheaths

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14
Q

ependymal cells

A

CNS, CSF, stem cells

a. line internal cavities of CNS (ventricles of brain,
central canal of spinal cord)
b. help form cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
c. serve as stem cells in some areas of brain

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15
Q

microglia

A

a. defense cells, can do phagocytosis b. secrete nerve cell growth factor

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16
Q

blood-brain barrier

A
  1. capillaries in brain have tight junctions joining cells
    a. only substances that can pass through cells can be exchanged 2. protects brain from harmful substances
  2. keeps out circulating hormones that act like nts
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17
Q

meninges: connective tissue membranes

A

dura mater (outer), arachnoid mater (middle), pia mater (inner)

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18
Q

dura mater

A

a. forms dural sinuses and venous sinuses (blood and CSF pool, return to circulation)

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19
Q

arachnoid mater

A

a. subarachnoid space contains CSF
b. arachnoid villi reabsorb CSF (return to blood
in sinuses)

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20
Q

pia mater (inner)

A

a. well vascularized

b. important in forming CSF

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21
Q

bones offer…

A

physical protection

cranium (skull) - brain and vertebral column - spinal cord

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22
Q

cerebrum

A

gray DNG, white myeline

  • cortex is outer layer of gray matter (neuron cell bodies and dendrites, glial cells) DNG
  • underneath is white matter (tracts of myelinated fibers), which transmits signals between cortical areas, and to other CNS locations
  • divided into functional areas (some degree of overlap) specialized for particular activities, but no area acts alone
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23
Q

2 hemispheres

A
  1. connected by corpus callosum
  2. most functional areas occur in both hemispheres (except language areas)
  3. some degree of specialization
    a. left and right right
  4. generally contralateral
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24
Q

paired lobes parts

A

POFT

  1. occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal
  2. functional areas often contained within a lobe
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25
Q

3 kinds of functional areas of cortex

A

SAM

  1. motor areas - control voluntary motor functions
  2. sensory areas - conscious awareness of sensation
  3. association areas - integrate diverse information
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26
Q

primary visual cortex (selected functional area)

A

a. receives visual information

b. surrounding higher-order visual cortex interprets

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27
Q

primary auditory cortex (selected functional area)

A

a. receives information on sound

b. surrounding higher-order auditory cortex interprets

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28
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

receives touch, localizes, homunculous

a. receives sensory input (somesthetic sensations from skin like touch, temp. and proprioception, etc.)
(1) localizes source of input, perceives intensity of stimulus, capable of spatial discrimination
(2) sensory homunculus - a particular region of the brain receives information from a certain part of the body

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29
Q

posterior parietal cortex

A

cleaning up dishes

a. integrates somatosensory and visual input
b. important in complex movement

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30
Q

primary motor cortex

A

a. voluntary control of skeletal muscle

(1) motor homunculus - neurons controlling a particular body part tend to be grouped together

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31
Q

supplementary motor area

A

a. helps prepare “programs” for complex patterns of movement

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32
Q

premotor cortex

A

a. plans movement based on body orientation, coordination of complex movements
b. interacts with posterior parietal cortex

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33
Q

language areas

A

broca’s area, wernicke’s area

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34
Q

broca’s area

A

(1) important in ability to speak - interacts with motor

areas for speech

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35
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

(1) important in language comprehension (written and

spoken) and patterns of speech

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36
Q

Broca’s and Wernicke’s usually

A

in left hemisphere only, right side has affective language areas, which express and comprehend emotion in speech

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37
Q

prefrontal association cortex

A

a. plans for voluntary activities
b. weighing consequences, making choices c. personality
d. complex learning, intellect (cognition), conscience

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38
Q

parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex

A

integrates information from those lobes

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39
Q

limbic association cortex

A

MEM

motivation, emotion, memory

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40
Q

cortex displays plasticity

A

many areas can change based on need, e.g.:
a. other areas may take over for damaged areas b. use of a particular body part can result in more
cortical space being devoted to it - areas constantly interact

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41
Q

Subcortical structures

A

BHT

basal nuclei (basal ganglia), thalamus, hypothalamus

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42
Q

basal nuclei (basal ganglia) (mix)

A
  1. masses of gray matter within cerebral white matter
  2. functional clusters of cell bodies
  3. receives input from all cortical areas
  4. sends feedback via thalamus mainly to prefrontal and premotor areas (no direct connection to motor neurons)
43
Q

thalamus

A

screens
1. preliminary processing of sensory input
a. screens out unimportant stimuli and passes on
significant input to somatosensory cortex and other brain regions contains many nuclei, each with a functional specialty

44
Q

hypothalamus (short definition)

A
  1. many functionally grouped nuclei

2. integrating center for homeostasis, links ANS and endocrine system

45
Q

limbic system

A

THCB

parts of cortex, basal nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus

46
Q

learning and memory

A
  • learning: acquisition of knowledge or skills as a consequence of experience, instruction, or both
  • memory: storage of knowledge for later recall
  • remembering: process of retrieving information from storage - forgetting: inability to retrieve information
47
Q

memory trace - what is it

A

neural change responsible for storage of information, cerebellum and hypocampus

  1. present throughout brain
  2. particular areas appear to be important in certain kinds of memories
48
Q

memory (short term)

A
  1. short-term
    a. immediately stored b. limited capacity
    c. retrieved rapidly
    d. forgetting is permanent (unless consolidated)
    e. transient changes in preexisting synapses (changes in amount of nt released via modification of Ca2+ channels, may involve cAMP pathways)
49
Q

long term memory

A

a. longer storage time, enhanced by practice b. large storage capacity
c. more slowly retrieved
d. quite stable, forgetting usually transient
e. permanent changes in neurons (formation of new synapses, synthesis of proteins in pre or postsynaptic membranes, changes in amount of nt released)

50
Q

factors influencing consolidation (memory)

A
  1. emotional state-transfer better when more alert and motivated
  2. repetition
  3. association of new information with old information
51
Q

cerebellum (BMCM)

A

BMCM
different portions specialize in particular functions (mostly ipsilateral)
1. maintains balance and equilibrium, important in movement
3. enhances muscle tone
4. coordinates and initiates voluntary movements
a. input from cortical motor areas and peripheral receptors (indirect)
b. ensures smooth, precise movement
a. output to cortical motor areas
6. procedural memories

52
Q

brain stem - all incoming…

A

and outgoing fibers pass through, most synapse here for processing

53
Q

functions of brain stem (breathe after hiccup)

A

cranial nerve origin
nuclei for cardiovascular and respiratory

  1. contains nuclei for control of autonomic activities
    a. cardiovascular center (force and rate of
    heart contraction, blood pressure)
    b. respiratory centers (rate and depth of breathing)
    c. many others such as vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, sneezing
54
Q

brain stem - pain (PERCSD)

A

PERCDS

  1. modulates pain
  2. regulates equilibrium and posture reflexes
  3. contains reticular formation
    a. receives/integrates all synaptic input
    b. controls cortical alertness (reticular activating system
    - RAS)
    c. direct attention
  4. contains sleep centers
55
Q

sleep

A

an active process in which an individual is not consciously aware of surroundings but can be aroused by external stimuli

56
Q

types of sleep

A

slow-wave and paradoxical (REM) sleep

57
Q

slow-wave sleep

A

a. from light sleep to deep sleep and back
b. characterized by frequent movement, small
decrease in heart and respiratory rate, and blood pressure

58
Q

paradoxical (REM) sleep

A

a. brain activity similar to awake state
b. characterized by lack of movement (except eyes),
irregular heart and respiratory rate and blood pressure, dreaming
1. time to restore chemical/physiological processes
2. accomplish changes for learning and memory

59
Q

spinal cord

A 
extends from brain stem
- has paired spinal nerves
1. serves a particular body region
2. both afferent (sensory) and efferent(motor and
ANS) fibers
60
Q

gray matter is found in (DNGS - VDL)

A
  1. neuron cell bodies and dendrites, short interneurons, glial cells DSNG
  2. dorsal horns
  3. lateral horns
  4. ventral horns
61
Q

white matter (directions of movement)

A

fiber tracts

a. ascending: cord ➝ brain
b. descending: brain ➝ cord

62
Q

reflexes

A

response that occurs without conscious effort and reflex arc: the neural pathway involved

63
Q

response that occurs without conscious effort (consciousness is simply acquired)

A

a. simple (basic): built-in, unlearned (e.g.,pulling away from a painful stimulus)
b. acquired (conditioned) : learned through practice (e.g., typing, playing sports)

64
Q

reflex arc

A

a. receptor responds to stimulus by generating an AP
b. afferent pathway relays information to…
c. integrating center (spinal cord or brainstem for
simple reflexes, higher brain levels for acquired
reflexes)
d. efferent pathway transmits information to… e. effector (muscle or gland)

65
Q

spinal reflexes

A

Eii
spinal cord is integrating center (no brain involvement needed)
b. afferent pathway terminates on three types of neurons:
(1) excitatory interneuron,
(2) inhibitory interneuron,
(3) interneurons carrying signal to brain (person becomes aware of stimulus)

66
Q

excitatory interneurons stimulate (spinal reflex)

A

efferent motor neurons (muscle contracts)

67
Q

inhibitory interneuron (spinal reflex)

A

which inhibits efferent motor neurons leading to antagonistic muscle group (called reciprocal inhibition or innervation)

68
Q

interneurons carry…(spinal reflex)

A

signal to brain (person becomes aware of stimulus)

69
Q

brain can modify spinal reflex…

A

inhibit overrides excitatory
consciously override by sending inhibitory
signals to muscle group that would move to an excitatory signals to antagonistic muscle group

70
Q

dorsal horns (alf ends)

A

a. cell bodies of interneurons b. afferent neurons terminate

71
Q

lateral horns

A

a. efferent autonomic (ANS) cell bodies

72
Q

ventral horns

A

a. efferent motor (somatic) neuron cell bodies

73
Q

left hemisphere

A

logical, analytical tasks like language ,math; fine motor control

74
Q

right hemisphere

A

non language skills like spatial perception and art/music

75
Q

substances that can get through the blood brain barrier

A

through blood vessels. lipid soluble substances, e.g., O2, CO2, alcohol, steroid hormones; substances with specific carriers, e.g., glucose, amino acids, ions

76
Q

functional parts of cell bodies (in basal nuclei) (MMMCC)

A

a. inhibiting muscle tone
b. maintaining purposeful motoractivity and
suppressing unnecessary movement
c. monitor/coordinate muscle contractions
in posture/support
d. complex aspects of motor control
e. may be involved in cognitive functioning

77
Q

contains “reward” and “punishment” centers

A

limbic

78
Q

important in homeostatic drives - hunger, thirst, sex

A

limbic

79
Q

norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin…

A

important neurotransmitters (precise role unclear, more of these nts associated with pleasure, less with depression) in limbic

80
Q

crude awareness of sensation

A

thalamus

81
Q

reinforces voluntary motor activity

A

thalamus

82
Q

some degree of consciousness

A

thalamus

83
Q

“gateway”to cerebral cortex-virtually all inputs to cortex pass through

A

thalamus

84
Q

memory trace in hippocampus

A

SCD

short term, consolidation, declarative memories

85
Q

memory trace in cerebellum

A

procedural memories (a.k.a.skill memories involving motor pathways, e.g., playing piano, typing, riding a bike)

86
Q

regulates body T (monitors blood temperature)

A

hypothalamus

87
Q

regulates water balance (urine output) and thirst (contains osmoreceptors - test concentration of body fluids)

A

hypothalamus

88
Q

regulates food intake (monitors blood levels of nutrients and hormones)

A

hypothalamus

89
Q

controls endocrine functioning (produces hormones, regulates pituitary)

A

hypothalamus

90
Q

role in emotional and behavioral patterns

A

hypothalamus

91
Q

controls autonomic centers in brain and spinal cord (e.g., activity of smooth and cardiac muscle, exocrine glands)

A

hypothalamus

92
Q

“biological clock”

A

hypothalamus

93
Q

centers that control REM sleep (arouse from sleep)

A

probably 3 centers that interact to produce the stages of sleep (arousal system, slow wave center, REM center) - functions

94
Q

involved in all aspects of emotion (pleasure, fear, anger, etc.) and physical expressions of emotion (attacking when angered, laughing, crying, etc.)

A

limbic

95
Q

brain tissue is only…

A

nervous tissue

96
Q

CSF…(chords)

A
  1. formed by choroid plexuses, surrounds brain and spinal cord
  2. cushions CNS
  3. it is the interstitial fluid of the CNS
    a. directly contacts CNS cells and exchanges take
    place
  4. similar to plasma, but lower in K+ and higher in Na+
97
Q

gyri

A

bumps

98
Q

sulci

A

grooves

99
Q

homunculus

A

map of body on brain

100
Q

split brain patients

A

cannot verbalize the image because language is in the left hemisphere.

101
Q

stroke on left side

A

left somatosensory and left primary motor cortex, and broca’s area

102
Q

how eye drops affect the autonomic

A

adrenergic drug cause pupil to contract via sympathetic. cholinergic blocking drug cause dilation by blocking sympathetic.

103
Q

chest pain during excercise

A

drugs that block B1 receptors interfere w/ sympathetic stimulation. prevents increased cardiac metabolism and reduces angina.

104
Q

bladder question

A

external urethra is skeletal muscle - controlled by somatic, bladder is smooth muscle - autonomic.

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