Phil 2 - exam 3

Question 1

Pre-­implantation ge­ne­tic diagnosis (PGD) has been available since 1990 in conjunction with IVF.

Answer 1

One cell (blastomere) is removed from a cleaving embryo ex utero and tested for a par­tic­u­lar ge­ne­tic or chromosomal abnormality.

Question 2

A surrogate (my gate is your gate)

Answer 2

provides her own oocytes, fertilized with sperm from the man in another couple to whom she relinquishes the child upon delivery.

Question 3

Marquis - the assumption about abortion (the assumption about a sort of being)

Answer 3

The moral permissibility of abortion
“stands or falls on whether or not a
fetus is the sort of being whose life it is
seriously wrong to end.”

Question 4

Marquis- problem with anti-abortion (anti-abortion is cancer)

Answer 4

“[The] principle “It is always prima facie
wrong to take a human life” seems to
entail that it is wrong to end the existence
of a living human cancer-cell culture, one
the ground that the culture is both living
and human. Therefore, it seems that the
anti-abortionist’s favored principle is too
broad.”

Question 5

Marquis- problem with pro-abortion (pro infants?)

Answer 5

The problem with narrow principles is that
they do not embrace enough…the
needed principles such as “It is prima facie
wrong to kill only persons”
or
“It is prima
facie wrong to kill only rational agents” do
not explain why it is wrong to kill infants or
young children….

Question 6

Marquis - merely believe

Answer 6

“[If]	we	merely	believe,	but	do	not	
understand,	why	killing	adult	human	
beings	such	as	ourselves	is	wrong,	how	
could	we	conceivably	show	that	abortion	is	
either	immoral	or	permissible?

Question 7

Marquis - why is it wrong to kill?

Answer 7

“What primarily makes killing wrong is neither its effect on the murderer nor its effect on the victim’s friends and relatives, but its effect on the victim. The loss of one’s life is one of the
greatest losses one can suffer. The loss of
one’s life deprives one of all the experiences,
ac-vi-es, projects, and enjoyments that would
otherwise have constituted one’s future.”

Question 8

Marquis - why is wrong to kill con’t

Answer 8

“Some parts of my future are not valued by me now, but will come to be valued by me as I grow older and as my values and capacities change…when I die, I am deprived of all of the value of my future…what makes killing any adult human being prima facie seriously wrong is the loss of his or her future.”

Question 9

Marquis - obvious consequences (obviously identical)

Answer 9

The future of a standard fetus includes a set of
experiences, projects, activities, and such which
are identical with the futures of adult human
beings and are identical with the futures of
young children. Since the reason that is
sufficient to explain why it is wrong to kill
human beings after the time of birth is a reason
that also applies to fetuses, it follows that
abortion is prima facie seriously morally
wrong

Question 10

Marquis - contraception

Answer 10

“[The] immorality of contraception is
not entailed by the loss of a future-like ours argument simply because there is
no nonarbitrary identifiable subject of
the loss in the case of contraception.

Question 11

Marquis - self-evident

Answer 11

[Based on] the assumption that the
permissibility of abortion stands or falls on the
moral status of the fetus. Since a fetus
possesses a property, the possession of which
in adult human beings is sufficient to make
killing…wrong, abortion is wrong…this
[argument] seems superior [to other
arguments]…because it rests on an ethics of
killing which is close to self-evident. …because the crucial morally relevant
property clearly applies to fetuses, and
because the argument avoids the usual
equivocations on ‘human life,’ ‘human
being,’ or person.
’”

Question 12

Warren - the moral community

Answer 12

The question which we must answer in
order to produce a satisfactory solution to
the problem of abortion is this: How are we
to define the moral community, the set of
beings with full and equal moral rights, such
that we can decide whether a human fetus
is a member of the community or not?

Question 13

Warren - human has 2 meanings (moral and genetic - just her argument)

Answer 13

Traditional Pro-Life Argument:
P1. It is wrong to kill innocent human beings.
P2. Fetuses are innocent human beings.
C. Thus, it is wrong to kill fetuses.
Warren thinks the term “Human” is being used equivocally in P1 and P2. In P1 it is used in the moral sense, and in P2 it is used in the genetic sense. Thus, the conclusion does not follow.

Question 14

Warren - criteria for personhood (CCRAM)

Answer 14

1. Consciousness: conscious of objects and
   events…capacity to feel pain.
2. Reasoning: the developed capacity to solve new and relatively complex problems.
3. Self-motivated activity: activity which is relatively independent of either gene6c or direct external control.
4. Capacity to communicate messages of an
   indefinite variety of types.
5. Self-Awareness

Question 15

Warren - right to life

Answer 15

“It does seem reasonable to suggest that
the more like a person, in the relevant
respects, a being is, the stronger is the
case for regarding it as having a right to life, and indeed the stronger its right to life is.”

Question 16

Warren - right to life con’t

Answer 16

“[It] is clear that even though a seven- or eight month fetus has features which make it apt to
arouse in us almost the same powerful protective instinct as is commonly aroused by a small infant, nevertheless it is not significantly more personlike
than is a very small embryo…Thus, in the relevant respects, a fetus, even a fully developed one, is considerably less personlike than is the average mature mammal, indeed the average fish.

Question 17

Warren - potential persons rights

Answer 17

But even if a potential person does have
some prima facie right to life, such a right could not possibly outweigh the right of a woman to obtain an abortion, since the rights of any actual person invariably
outweigh those of any potential person,
whenever the two conflict.

Question 18

Warren - conclusion

Answer 18

“Thus, neither a fetus’s resemblance to a
person, nor its potential for becoming a
person provides any basis whatever for the
claim that it has any significant right to life.

Question 19

Warren - to show that a fetus is not a person, it must possess

Answer 19

none of the characteristics of personhood

Question 20

Warren claims that if the violinist analogy is accurate, abortion is

Answer 20

a deeply tragic act

Question 21

According to Warren, infanticide is:

Answer 21

a. virtually never justified in our society.
b. sometimes justified in extreme circumstances.
c. morally different than a late-term abortion.

Question 22

Thomson’s 2 arguments

Answer 22

1) She argues that abortion is generally
permissible, not that it is always
permissible.
2) She argues that, although it is permissible
to detach one’s body from the fetus
through abortion, it is not permissible to
guarantee the death of a baby once it is
born (i.e., infanticide).

Question 23

Thomson - right to life

Answer 23

“[The] right to life consists not in the right
not to be killed, but rather in the right not to be killed unjustly.”
Thus, the “unborn person” may have “a right
to its mother’s body only if her pregnancy
resulted from a voluntary act, undertaken in
full knowledge of the chance a pregnancy
might result from it.”

Question 24

Thomson - right to secure death

Answer 24

[While] I am arguing for the permissibility
of abortion in cases, I am not arguing for
the right to secure the death of the unborn
child…I have argued that you are not
morally required to spend nine months in
bed, sustaining the life of that violinist; but
to say this is by no means to say that if,
when you unplug yourself, there is a
miracle and he survives, you then have a
right to turn around and slit his throat.

Question 25

Thomson - right to secure death con’t

Answer 25

“You	may	detach	yourself	even	if	this	
costs	him	his	life;	you	have	no	right	to	
be	guaranteed	his	death,	by	some	
other	means,	if	unplugging	yourself	
does	not	kill	him.	There	are	some	
people	who	will	feel	dissatisfied	by	
this	feature	of	my	argument.”

Question 26

Thomson - negative and positive rights

Answer 26

Negative rights outweigh positive rights
because the right not to be burdened or
harmed has more moral weight than the
right to be benefited.
The pregnant woman has a negative right not
to be burdened or to take on risk.
The fetus’ positive rights violate the woman’s
negative right.

Question 27

Thomson key points

Answer 27

The “famous violinist” has no right, in many
cases, to the woman’s body.
• Unborn persons whose existence is due to
rape have no right to the use of their
mothers’ bodies.
• The woman does not automatically have a
special relationship to the fetus.

Question 28

Beckwith - 3 categories of issues with violinist

Answer 28

1. Ethical (4)
2. Legal (2)
3. Ideological (3)

Question 29

Beckwith - ethical issues #1 (obligation towards the weak)

Answer 29

Thomson assumes volunteerism.
Beckwith argues that there are special
obligations between parents and the child
that resulted from the parents’ act of
sexual intercourse. And that this obligation
is “necessary in any civilized culture in
order to preserve the rights of the
vulnerable, the weak, the young

Question 30

Beckwith - ethical issue #2 (family is everything)

Answer 30

Thomson’s argument is fatal to family
morality.
“[Volunteerism] is fatal to family morality,
which has as one of its central beliefs that
an individual has special and filial
obligations to his [or her] offspring and
family that he [or she] does not have to
other persons

Question 31

Beckwith - ethical issue #3 (naturally dependent on mother)

Answer 31

A case can be made that the unborn does
have a prima facie right to her mother’s body.
- the unborn is naturally dependent to her
mother (unlike the violinist)
- natural development occurs in the womb
- the same entity when born has a natural claim upon her parents

Question 32

Beckwith - ethical issue #4 (killing)

Answer 32

Thomson ignores the fact that abortion is
indeed killing and not merely the withholding
of treatment.
“[There] is no doubt that such ‘withholding’
of treatment (and it seems totally false to call ordinary shelter and sustenance ‘treatment’)
is indeed murder

Question 33

Beckwith - legal problems (legally understand the other)

Answer 33

Thomson’s argument ignores tort law.
From a real case:
“The obligation arises when one
‘understands and appreciates’ the condition
of the other.”
Judge Noonan and Beckwith thinks that this
applies to the mother and her unborn.

Question 34

Beckwith legal problem (family law)

Answer 34

Thomson’s argument ignores family law.
“Thomson’s argument is inconsistent with
the body of well-established family law,
which presupposes parental responsibility of
a child’s welfare.”

Question 35

Beckwith - ideological problem (idea of preg is wrong)

Answer 35

Inconsistent use of the burden of
pregnancy. “Thomson has to paint pregnancy in the
most horrific of terms in order to make her argument seem plausible…[Dr.]
Nathanson points out that ‘pregnancy is not a ‘sickness’. Few pregnant women are bedridden and many, emotionally and physically, have never felt better.

Question 36

Beckwith - ideological problem (state mandates)

Answer 36

The libertarian principles underlying
Thomson’s case are inconsistent with the
state-mandated agenda of radical
feminism.
“[Feminists] who advocate state-mandated
quotas, state-mandated comparable worth
pay scales…will go on to advocate abortion
on the basis of an absolute libertarianism as
odds with every one of those policies.”

Question 37

Beckwith - ideological problem - macho

Answer 37

Thomson’s argument implies a macho
view of bodily control, a view inconsistent with true feminism.
“[Abortion] involves violence against a
small, weak and dependent child. It is
macho control, the very kind the feminist
movement most eloquently opposes in
other contexts.”

Question 38

Moral status

Answer 38

Moral	status	is	a	property	that	gives	
individuals	a	claim	on	others,	who	in	
turn	have	an	obligation	to	treat	these	
individuals	as	part	of	the	moral	
community.

Question 39

Personhood (the person is moral)

Answer 39

The concept of personhood is usually
attributed to human beings that have
moral status. Moral status is the condition
by which human beings are considered for
direct moral concern by other persons

Question 40

personhood con’t (inherent or gained?)

Answer 40

Some	argue	that	personhood	is	a	
status	that	some	beings	have	by	the	
very	nature	of	being	a	human	being,	
while	others	argue	that	personhood	is	
an	attribute	that	is	gained	through	a	
process	or	the	actualization	of	
par(cular	attributes	or	capaci(es.

Question 41

Moral status of embryos - Glannon

Answer 41

Glannon	assesses	that	because	embryos	
lack	identity-preserving	potential	and	
moral	status,	it	would	not	be	wrong	to	
prevent	their	development	into	fetuses	
and	persons

Question 42

Glannon - moral status of embryos con’t (extrinsic is what matters)

Answer 42

He argues that “the moral value of an embryo is not an intrinsic property of the embryo, but an extrinsic property falling under the procreative autonomy of its
genetic parents.” Thus as an expression of autonomy, according to Glannon, parents may consent to allow their embryos to be used for therapeutic research.

Question 43

Moral status of embryo - critics of Glannon

Answer 43

Some critics of Glannon, for example,
Beckwith, would disagree with his premise
attributed to opponents of abortion with
respect to the embryo. Glannon states,
“[Pro-Life advocates] argue that embryos
have the potential to become persons and
that this potential gives a moral status to
embryos….” Beckwith argues the other way
around, that human embryos are persons
with potential and not potential persons.

Question 44

conservative argument - embryo (just that personhood begins at conception)

Answer 44

1. If personhood begins at conception, then
   harvesting stem cells that result in the death of the embryo is the intentional killing of an innocent person.
2. Personhood begins at conception.
3. Therefore, harvesting stem cells that result in the death of the embryo is the intentional killing of an innocent person

Question 45

Moesteller Teleology

Answer 45

“If teleology (purpose) is present in biological
organisms, and if the distinction of ways
that an organism can actually have a
property in the mode of potentiality or in
the mode of actuality is logically coherent,
then it remains to consider whether these
two things are related. In fact, they are
related.

Question 46

Moesteller Teleology con’t

Answer 46

The ontological distinction of modes of
having a property is dependent on the
existence of teleology in nature.
Necessarily a being which has a property in the mode of actuality had that property
ontologically prior to it in the mode of
potentiality. The two are inseparable.

The existence of natural biological teleology
in human organisms implies the reality of the distinction.If this is right, then necessarily any property that is specified as the determinate mark of personhood will be had in the mode of potentiality logically prior to the mode of actuality by the human organism capable of having that property in the mode of actuality.
This is guaranteed by uninterrupted natural
biological teleology. Thus, any property
specified as a criterion for personhood is
actually had by the human organism at all
stages of its teleological development.

Question 47

Moesteller teleology final

Answer 47

This would indicate a strong reason to think
that personhood is continually had by all
organisms capable of teleological
development that ends in (without
interruption the exhibition of any criterion of
personhood. If this is right, then all post conception embryos, including frozen
embryos are persons.”

Question 48

Procreative Autonomy According to Glannon (just do it, or not)

Answer 48

it consists in two equally significant rights:
1) The right to procreate
2) The right to avoid procreation
And when these two conflict, the right to
avoid procreation supersedes the right to
procreate. (see Negative Right)

Question 49

Surrogate pregnancy

Answer 49

A form of assisted reproductive technology
that makes use of third party donations.
Reasons why a woman or a man or a
couple seek a surrogate include infertility
or a potentially high-risk pregnancy

Question 50

types of surrogacy (CAT G)

Answer 50

• Traditional Surrogacy (artificial insemination)
• Gestational Surrogacy (IVF) (carrier)
• Commercial Surrogacy (payment)
• Altruistic (Rescue) Surrogacy

Question 51

Glannon on surrogacy

Answer 51

“Unless	it	can	be	shown	that	a	woman’s	
decision	to	be	a	surrogate	is	not	informed	
or	not	voluntary,	there	is	no	good	reason	
to	think	that	surrogate	pregnancy	is	
clearly	exploitative	of	women.	On	the	
contrary,	it	may	be	taken	as	one	
expression	of	a	woman’s	freedom	to	do	
what	she	wants	with	her	own	body?”

Question 52

sex selection

Answer 52

Sperm sorting, PIGD, amniocentesis, and
ultrasound can all reveal the sex of the
developing embryo or fetus.
- It is one thing to know that a future child
will be male or female.
- It is quite another to abort a fetus or
terminate an embryo on the basis of this
knowledge.

Question 53

sex selection - girls

Answer 53

According to Glannon, recent studies show
that in 92 percent of cases where couples
already had a girl, pregnancies were
aborted when prenatal ultrasound
revealed that the next child would also be
a girl.

Question 54

glannon - sex selection is permissible…

Answer 54

1) For medical reasons in order to prevent
harm to a child who would be born with a
severe disease.
2) If families are autonomous units, and if
parents believe that having a child of a
particular sex will promote the child’s welfare,
then selecting a male over a female child is
morally permissible.

Question 55

cloning (just clone the nucleus)

Answer 55

Reproductive Cloning vs. Therapeutic
Cloning
Cloning involves inserting the nucleus of
an adult human somatic cell into a human
egg whose nucleus has been removed
(somatic-cell nuclear transfer). Somatic
cells are distinguished from germ cells of
the sperm or egg

Question 56

therapeutic cloning

Answer 56

It	has	the	potential	to	rejuvenate	tissues	
or	even	replace	organs	damaged	from	
diseases	such	as	Parkinson’s,	diabetes,	
and	heart	disease.	Here	an	embryo	is	
cloned	and	the	stem-cell	lines	are	
extracted.

Question 57

stem cell research - can be taken from…(just 2)

Answer 57

blastocysts created via IVF, explicitly
for the sake of harvesting stem cells.

Blastocyst	might	also	be	created	
through	SCNT	(“cloning”),	in	order	to	
yield	ESCs (embryonic stem cell)	with	patient's	own	genetic	code..

Question 58

stem cell basics - distinctive properties (stem cells have prell - PRL)

Answer 58

Self-replication
Lack of specialization
Potency

Question 59

self-replication of stem cell line: involves 2 mechanisms (obliged to spastic self-replicate)

Answer 59

Obligatory asymmetric replication and Stochastic differentation

Question 60

Obligatory asymmetric replication (obligated to not be like mother)

Answer 60

stem cell divides into i) one daughter cell of a
differentiated, specialized type, and ii) one
daughter stem cell identical to the mother
cell;

Question 61

Stochastic differentation (chastic different sisters)

Answer 61

one stem cell divides into two differentiated daughter
cells; simultaneously, a second stem cell
divides into two stem cell daughters,
identical to itself.

Question 62

stem cell types (tote my pluri uni)

Answer 62

totipotent, pluripotent = a) multipotent, b) adult stem cells, and unipotent.

Question 63

Applications of stem cell biotechnologies

Answer 63

Regenerative (reparative) medicine: tissue
replacement and cell-based therapies for
organ repair (potentially, organ
replacement);
Pharmaceutical development and testing;
Research applications in embryology and cell biology

Question 64

adult v. embryonic (what type of potent)

Answer 64

Embryonic	stem	cells,	isolated	from	
	the	inner	cell	mass	of	the	blastocyst,		
		are	pluripotent.	
2. Stem	cells	taken	from	different	adult
body-sites	are	only	multipotent.

Question 65

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC): (inducing an adult)

Answer 65

Adult (multipotent) stem cells that are
induced to become pluripotent, through
genomic alterations that allow for wider
specialization/differentation of daughter
cells.
– Mouse iPSC’s first reported in 2006;
human iPSCs first reported in 2007

Question 66

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT), aka

Cloning (cloning scent)

Answer 66

Technique may be used for research
purposes or reproductive purposes, each
raising separate sets of moral and ethical
issues; Cloning for research: controversial because blastocysts are created explicitly for
research in which they will be destroyed

Question 67

ESC research

Answer 67

Opponents of ESC research typically hold that:
– The blastocyst or embryo is a person morally equivalent to an adult human being, is “one of
us
” (2002 President’s Commission);
– Its status as a morally-equivalent person begins at fertilization of the egg;
– Thus, destruction of the embryo for ESC research is unjustiied killing of an innocent human being; – And any benefits of ESC research come at too high
a price.

Question 68

ESC research - opponents

Answer 68

Opponents of cloning-for-research typically hold that, in addition:
– A further degree of wrongdoing is achieved when an embryo is created specifically in order to be destroyed in research;
– Cloning, even “just for research,” marks the beginning of asexual reproduction and a leap forward in manipulation of human life;

Question 69

ESC opponents - con’t

Answer 69

Opponents…in addi(on:
– Cloning for research purposes amounts to “complete instrumentalization of nascent human life” since it allows creation of a life for the
purpose of its destruction;
– Thus opening up way to ever more radical experiments, on later-stage embryos, fetuses; organ development in later-stage fetuses; reproductive cloning, etc. etc.

Question 70

ESC proponents

Answer 70

Proponents of ESC Research typically argue against the claim that the early embryo has moral status comparable to a grown human person; see Steinbock’s criticism of the embryo as an end in itself;
• Some proponents insist that embryos deserve more limited respect, as “potent symbols of human life”

Question 71

Glannon on cloning

Answer 71

Concerns about cloning violating human
dignity are misguided because they focus too much on the biological means through which we come into existence. We possess dignity because we are persons with autonomous desires, beliefs, and intentions that are not entirely functions of our biology. To be sure, biology has a necessary role in our…

Question 72

glannon on cloning con’t

Answer 72

[Mental] life insofar as our bodies and brains
generate and sustain our capacity for mental
life. But biology cannot account for all the qualitative features of our psychology that make us persons. Whether one is conceived and comes into existence through an asexual form of reproductive cloning, or through sexual reproduction, has little to do with what makes one a person worthy of self-respect and respect from others.

Question 73

genetics - types (genetic EGG)

Answer 73

1) Gene Therapy
2) Genetic Enhancement
3) Eugenics

Question 74

gene therapy types (SG)

Answer 74

1. Somatic-cell gene therapy

2. Germ-line genetic alteration

Question 75

Somatic-cell Gene Therapy (somas correct mutations)

Answer 75

This involves correcting a mutated copy of a gene or inserting an additional normal copy of a gene into the cells of a person’s body.
Goal: To treat genetically caused
diseases in living humans.

Question 76

germ-line alterations (and the goal)

Answer 76

This involves modifying the cells of gametes.

Goal: To delete or correct mutations that would be passed on to offspring.

Question 77

Somatic-cell Gene Therapy - what does Glannon think

Answer 77

This form of therapy is for existing people.
For Glannon, the benefits of gene therapy
outweigh the risks. Besides helping people suffering with various diseases and cancer, it could also help with the development of vaccines. The key is the balance the principle of beneficence with the principle of nonmaleficence

Question 78

Germ-line Genetic Alteration

Answer 78

It is a form of disease prevention rather than therapy.
However, Glannon thinks that because of
adverse effects being passed down to
future generations, it is best to adopt a
precautionary approach.

Question 79

Genetic Enhancement (enhance immune system)

Answer 79

• Where gene therapy helps restore people to wholeness, genetic enhancement (GE) helps improve people beyond wholeness.
• But some see GE as a treatment as well. For example, boosting the immune system through immunization against infectious
  disease.

Question 80

Genetic enhancement con’t (unfair)

Answer 80

There	is	a	concern	regarding	GE	with	
respect	to	physical	or	cognitive	traits.	That	
this	would	give	some	people	an	unfair	
advantage	over	others	with	respect	to	
competetive	goods,	for	example,	strength,	
beauty,	and/or	intelligence.	
Unlike	gene	therapy,	there	is	no	
compelling	medical	or	ethical	reason	to	
subsidize	GE

Question 81

eugenics

Answer 81

Eugenics literally means good creation in
Greek.
In medicine eugenics refers to improving
the human genome. But it also has
negative association with Nazi Germany
and the early sterilization programs in the U.S. and Canada

Question 82

eugenics - positive and negative (negatively P and G)

Answer 82

- Negative	Eugenics:	Refers	to	disease	
prevention	or	disease	control	via	genetic	
testing	and	screening,	PIGD,	and	gene	
therapy.	
-	Positive	Eugenics:	Refers	to	GE.

Question 83

glannon - disability discrimination

Answer 83

In an era of limited budgets for education
and social services…even if there is no obligation to select against embryos that would develop into “people” with
disabilities, this does not mean that there
is an obligation to allow these embryos to develop into “people”…

Question 84

glannon - more than our genes

Answer 84

According to Glannon:
Our bodies and our minds are not completely
determined by our genotype. The incomplete
penetrance of genotypes makes the link
between genes and most diseases a
probabilistic rather than a deterministic one

Question 85

Self-replication: Stem cells (just that they replicate - that’s it)

Answer 85

Stem cells renew
themselves again and again, indefinitely
if not forever, in lines of cellular division
(unlike other somatic cells, except for
cancer cells…)

Question 86

stem cells Lack of specialization: only function is to…

Answer 86

originate “daughter” specialized cells;

Question 87

stem cells - Potency

Answer 87

Can differentiate via cell division into various specialized somatic cell types.

Cell potency is a cell’s ability to differentiate into other cell types. The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency

Question 88

totipotent

Answer 88

(of an immature or stem cell) capable of giving rise to any cell type or (of a blastomere) a complete embryo.

Question 89

pluripotent (and types)

Answer 89

(of an immature or stem cell) capable of giving rise to several different cell types. a) multipotent (cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into multiple specialised cell types present in a specific tissue or organ) b) adult stem cells

Question 90

unipotent

Answer 90

(of an immature or stem cell) capable of giving rise to only one cell type.

Question 91

teleology is ….

Answer 91

finalism, the why of things. opposite of teleology is chance.

Question 92

germ cells v. somatic cells

Answer 92

somatic cells are involved in building the body of multicellular animals whereas germ cells are involved in producing haploid gametes