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XIO > Eating Habits - third set > Flashcards

Eating Habits - third set Flashcards

1
Q

molecular patterns are expressed on..

A

pathogens and nonpathogens

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2
Q

plasma membrane (gram -) where and what it’s made of

A

is thin structure lies inside the cell wall, encloses cytoplasm defines the external boundary of cell. made of phospholipids, proteins, and glycoproteins.

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3
Q

Plasma membrane has dynamic role

A

acts as selective barrier; monitors flow in both direction. ATP/energy demands constant, appropriate internal environment

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4
Q

membrane structure…

A

best explained by the Fluid Mosaic model. Membrane resembles a sea of lipids with an mosaic of embedded proteins and attached sugar molecules

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5
Q

Lipids (physio)

A

arranged as bilayer, composed mainly of phospholipids

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6
Q

proteins

A

are in motion laterally: grouped into 2 classes, Integral and Peripheral proteins

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7
Q

Cholera ToxR : Transmembrane protein ( Biosensor) (parasite swimming)

A

Allows for rapid sensing and activation of pathogenic functions ToxR
is able to detect acidity and high temps ( signs of host digestive system)
NH2 part reaches cytoplasm
- NH2 terminal domain binds to DNA sequence as a transcriptional activator in turn, activates cholera toxin gene expression as well as other virulence factors

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8
Q

transport system (small cars)

A

mechanism that facilitates small molecules to enter cell across the normally impermeable membrane

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9
Q

role of transport system

A

A. To bring in nutrients B. Expel waste products and substances harmful to the cell (efflux) C. Secretion

i. secretion of selective protein molecules which are structural components (like porins proteins of gram negative cells - made in cells)  ii.  toxins which are virulence factors iii. secretion of enzymes (ex. exoenzymes like amylase)   - breaks down large substances for absorption
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10
Q

Transport process is..(PCCT)

A

PCCT

the functional outcome of activity of channel proteins / transport proteins / carrier protein / permeases

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11
Q

bacterial cell anatomy

A

AACE

cell envelope, appendages, cytoplasm, accessory structures

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12
Q

External structures

A

includes cell envelope and appendages

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13
Q

appendages

A

PEFF

flagella, fimbriae, pili and endoflagella

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14
Q

Flagella (spins..)

A

spins, forward, uses energy

2/3 energy used for flagella . long, semi rigid and filamentous appendage, aids in motility acts as a spinning motor, propels cell in forward direction flagella motility involves expenditure of cellular energy.

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15
Q

Flagella has 3 basic parts

A

Filament, hook and basal body

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16
Q

flagella arrangement - names (lamp)

A

monotrichous, peritrichous, amphitrichous, and lophotrichous

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17
Q

Monotrichous

A

single polar flagella, Ex: Pseudomonas aeroginosa

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18
Q

Peritrichous

A

flagella distributed over entire surface, Ex: E. coli

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19
Q

Amphitrichous (spiral voltans)

A

tuft of flagella at each end of cell Ex: Spirillum volutans

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20
Q

Lophotrichous

A

two or more flagella at one pole of cell, Ex: Helicobacter pylorii, helps bacteria to cross the mucosal coating of the intestinal epithelium

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21
Q

Favorable stimulus

A

positive taxis

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22
Q

Unfavorable stimulus (NY)

A

negative taxis

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23
Q

Attractant and Repellent (runner)

A

Attractant: more runs of longer duration and less tumbles Repellent: more tumbles

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24
Q

Pili (pill)

A

F pili - shorter than flagella, 1- 10 per cell, always evolves

Pili (sing pilus) - also called sex pili or F pili or conjugation pili; shorter than flagella - usually 1- 10 sex pili per cells - aids in joining cells of opposite mating types during conjugation process - is one of the methods of genetic exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells. no sexual reproduction. always evolves due to exchange of genetic material

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25
Q

Fimbriae: (variation of pili) (black bug crawling up pole)

A
  • fimbriae number varies (few to thousands); distributed throughout or have polar concentration- aids in attachment to substrate (ex. epithelial surface) as well as to one another - harbors adhesin (special molecule), either at the tip or all along it’s length
    Both pili and fimbriae have pilin proteins. pilin proteins acts as PAMP.
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26
Q

Endoflagella

A

it is an appendage - present in Spirochetes, Ex: treponema paladium and borrelia berdoffori there is an outer sheath (membrane), below which are fibrils (axial filaments) sheath is anchored at one end and spirals around cells - uses cork screw motion to drill into viscous tissues of their host

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27
Q

chromosomes (strand)

A
  • it’s single, circular, double stranded DNA molecule (supercoiled) with associated
    proteins - are nonhistone proteins; exception vibrio cholera - anchored to plasma membrane; confined in nucleoid area
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28
Q

plasmids

A
  • small, extrachromosomal DNA molecules- self replicating units - when a cell divides, plasmid DNA replicates and is distributed to daughter cells. are not required for metabolism / survival under normal condition. presence provides selective advantage to the bacteria like antibiotic resistance.
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29
Q

plasmid functions

A

plasmid carry genes for activities such as,- antibiotic resistance - toxins production -plasmid DNA may code for toxin

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30
Q

plasmid types

A

BRVF

fertility, resistance, virulent, Bacteriocin plasmid

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31
Q

Fertility plasmid

A

codes for the sex pili ( F pili) - involved in conjugation process

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32
Q

resistance plasmid

A

carry resistance genes for antimicrobial agents (antibiotics and heavy metals) heavy metals stop bacterial growth - as resistance genes - are self transmissible plasmids - aka plasmid DNA codes for sex pili

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33
Q

Bacteriocin plasmid

A

carry genes for the bacteriocin. bacteriocin toxin kills other competing bacteria cells that lacks bacteriocin plasmid, carried by intestinal bacterias.

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34
Q

virulent plasmid

A

carry genetic information for virulence structures, enzymes or toxins. - 3 components of toxin - all 3 needed for efficacy

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35
Q

plasmid - self transmissibility (3 types)

A

has genes that codes for sex pili, origin of transfer, and mobilization of the genes.

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36
Q

copy number

A

number of copies of each kind of plasmid per cell

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37
Q

host range

A

ability of plasmid to multiply in cell type

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38
Q

ribosomes (aka ribonucleoprotein particles) (translator w/ target)

A

associated with bacterial translation (means protein synthesis) - are smaller, less dense than eukaryotic ribosomes (70 S vs 80S) made of 2 subunits; preferred target site of some antibiotics action. many antibiotics target small units, can tell between our subunits. some target large, erythromycin. subunit is made of RNA and proteins

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39
Q

Metachromatic granules (aka volutin granules) (plants)

A

PPANE
when bacteria are growing in phosphorus rich environment. meta means change, choromatic means color- represents polyphosphate granules- can be degraded and used as iP (inorganic phosphorus) source for ATP synthesis, nucleic acid, enzyme reaction, phosphoproteins, phospholipids- stains red with some blue dyes (methylene blue- characteristic feature of Corynebacterium diptheriae

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40
Q

Polysaccharides granules

A

includes starch and glycogen - they are storage depot for carbon and energy source- clinically useful for Chlamydia sps identification

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41
Q

Lipid inclusion (poly β- hydroxy butyric acid) (poly)

A

represented by inclusions of poly β- hydroxy butyric acid; surrounded by monolayer membrane - (hydrophobic lipid)- like polysaccharide, they are carbon and energy storage polymer- observed in Mycobacterium sps - used for mycolic acid synthesis

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42
Q

integral proteins

A

extend into or through the lipid bilayer - typically are trans membrane proteins / permeases. (channel or transport protein) ex. cholera membrane trans protein acts as a biosensor.

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43
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

attached to inner or outer surface of membrane- functions as enzymes, scaffold, receptors etc. Scaffold helps maintain structure

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44
Q

filament (part of flagellum)

A

long “whip like” structure of constant diameter. no covering structural component. flagallin - acts as a PAMP- TLR recognizes flagelin. Ecoli 0157:H7 - this is the hook protein

45
Q

hook

A

wider part to which filament is attached, made of different protein, not flagellin

46
Q

basal body

A

(at the end of the flagella) anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane
- includes a central rod inserted into a series of rings in Gram negative.
Rotation is either clockwise or anticlockwise along its axis. Gram positive only 1 pair of rings attached to membrane Gram negative 2 pairs of rings - an outer and inner one (outer - cell wall. Inner - attached to cytoplasm - gram negative) no whiplashing side to side

47
Q

surface of bacteria always has…(negative ta)

A

a net negative charge on bacterial cell surface because of phosphate. bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria) exploit techtoic sites for attachment

48
Q
  • all endotoxins….(symptoms HFND)
A

HFND
produce the same signs and symptoms, though to different degree (irrespective of the microbe symptoms include fever, diarrhea, DIC a (Disseminated intravascular coagulation) causes tissue necrosis (cuts off nutrient and oxygen supply) hemorrhage

49
Q

endotoxins have the same mode…(clotting action)

A

of action, irrespective of the species. all clotting factors are used up, leads to hemorraging

50
Q

Narrow host range (same)

A

F plasmid in one cell type - only transferred between similar cell types - gram + to gram +

51
Q

Wide host range (Rampant)

A

R plasmid - resistance plasmid - multiplies in difference species of bacteria - staph, bacillus, etc. antibiotic resistance due to R plasmid- they can jump species barrier - can jump between E.coli and yeast

52
Q

no antibiotics are designed to target…

A

lipopolysaccharide or outer membrane (endotoxin)

53
Q

cause of collapse in DIC (dying clots)

A

(disseminated intravascular coagulation) caused when Lipid A clotting is activated, clots block smaller blood vessels. DIC leads to tissue necrosis. some of smaller blood vessels get blocked

54
Q

Spheroplast

A

gram - cells partially stripped of its cell wall. can’t completely strip gram - cell wall - always some part still there. aspect of antibiotic resistance.

55
Q

gram negative bacteria ex.

A

E. Coli and enterobacteria

56
Q

compliment activation (the Cs - wake up)

A

part of your defense system. complement get activated, 9 of them - C1 - C9 are compliment protein in our body. once activated, they form MAC complex. Punches holes in invading cell. content leaks and cell dies .and MAC lysis (innate immune response). Mac = membrane attack complex.

57
Q

Self transmissibility plasmid has genes..

A

that codes for sex pili origin of transfer as well as mobilization

58
Q

membrane helps maintain..

A

constant internal environment because ATP sythensis demands constant internal evironment

59
Q

static structure

A

anything can go in and out

60
Q

electron transport chain occurs where

A

periplasmic space cytoplasmic space

61
Q

innate defense system (count)

A

1st, 2nd and 3rd lines of defense

62
Q

1st line of defense (PCM)

A

physical barrier, chemical barrier, normal microflora

63
Q

chemical barrier (stomach and eyes)

A

acidic ph of stomach, lysozomes

64
Q

2nd line of defense (light sab)

A

compliment proteins and MAC lysis, inflammation, phagocytosis

65
Q

3rd line of defense

A

B/T cells (adaptive defense sytem)

66
Q

Neisseria gonorrhea and pathogenesis….

A

gonorrhea can be pathogenic and nonpathogenic. Pathogenic has wild type fibria with adhesin, therefore able to colonize urinary tract epithelial cell membrane. Non pathogenic form is a mutant form, this one fails to colonize, and is flushed out by urine.

67
Q

e.coli attachment of bacterial cell can be..(poly)

A

nonspecific -due to sticky capsular polysaccharide. specific attachment is due to fimbraiae adhesins (which it recognizes some specific sugar on host membrane - glactose or mannose

68
Q

specific attachment due to fimbraiae adhesins…(gs)

A

it recognizes some specific sugar on host membrane glycolipids or gycloproteins

69
Q

The capsule and fimbriae are

A

virulent factors

70
Q

cranberry juice and UTI

A

have organic components, tannins, that interferes with with adhesion of sugar molecules. 1. it has to be unprocessed. 2. organic compounds of cranberry juice are filtered as such. there is no metabolism or detoxification. 3. these organic compounds can withstand the chemical composition of urine. not altered or broken down.

71
Q

Bordetella sps adhesin (whooping cough)

A

have 2 different types of adhesins on cell.

72
Q

chemotaxis

A

most important - Chemotaxis is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus. bacteria moving towards attractant, nutrients, becomes positive taxis. Repellants - toxic, heat. cells moves away from it, negative taxi.

73
Q

runs

A

a sustained unidirectional movement, uninterrupted. more toward attractants

74
Q

tumbles

A

sudden stop or cessation, cell rolls over several times, resumes run in a different direction. tends to move away from stimulus towards attractant

75
Q

taxis (hail)

A

sensing and responding to stimuli

76
Q

no role in transport or permeability

A

outer membrane lipopolysaccharide

77
Q

Teichoic acid - recognized by the toll-like receptors, and…

A

once engaged, the cells secrete

pro-inflammatory cytokines. that initiates inflammation process and eventually eliminates the pathogen.

78
Q

TNF alpha, IL-1, 6 ,18 etc

A

secreted from defense cells. is a cell signaling protein involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction. (pro-inflammatory cytokines) promotes inflammation process for eliminating pathogen

79
Q

plasmid transmissibility can be either…

A

self transmissible or non self transmissible.

80
Q

plasmid copy number is..

A

low and high

81
Q

plasmid host range is…

A

narrow and wide. Wide some referred

to as promiscuous, they can jump species barrier -can jump between E.coli and yeast

82
Q

transmissibility

A

ability to be transferred / exchanged between cells via conjugation

83
Q

low copy plasmid

A

F plasmid, 1-2 copies per cell - below 10 is low copy

84
Q

high copy plasmid

A

10 - > 500 copies per cell

85
Q

r genes

A

Inside R plasmid - resistance genes - codes for resistance characteristics

86
Q

rtf - resistance transfer factor

A

codes for plasmid transfer to other cells via conjugation

87
Q

bacterial ribosomes

A

small subunit - 30S, large subunit 50 S

88
Q

eukaryotic ribosomes

A

40S small subunit, 60S large subunit

89
Q

Inclusion Bodies (1 = 1)

A

storage granules or non-functional units, in cytoplasm. 1 bacterial cell - 1 type of inclusion (usually)

90
Q

bacterial cell anatomy (AACE)

A

envelope, appendages, cytoplasm and accessory structures

91
Q

External structures

A

includes cell envelope and appendages

92
Q

the appendages are

A

flagella, fimbriae, pili and endoflagella

93
Q

inclusions are..(volcano)

A

volutine granules, polysaccharide granules and B-hydroxy butyric acid

94
Q

where is membrane attack complex (MAC) formed

A

typically on the surface of pathogen cell membranes as a result of the activation of the host’s complement system

95
Q

Non self transmissible plasma membrane needs help from…

A

F plasmid or a self transmissible plasmid. plasmid doesn’t have gene for sex pili, but have genes for origin of transfer as well as mobilization genes.

96
Q

cell envelope includes..(envelope)

A

capsule, cell wall, cytoplasmic cell membrane

97
Q

accessory structures include..(crip)

A

chromosome, plasmids, ribosomes, inclusions

98
Q

anti-imflammatory drugs used when

A

TLRs are activated bc they cause inflammation

99
Q

endotoxin fever induction

A

bacteria recognized as non self, macrophage active, pick up bacteria,. oxygen will flush and bacteria will die and lipid A will be released. macrophage will be “activated” and it will secret interlukin 1 (which is pro-inflammatory) into bloodstream, travel to hypothalamus. activates an enzyme called cox enzyme, or cyclo oxygenic. will generate prostoglandins. it resets the switch for temperature regulation

100
Q

syphilis

A

deliberately injected with malaria, to induce fever. mild fever, ok

101
Q

advantages of fever

A

you take rest , and energy is used to fight bacteria. increased temperature may slow bacterial growth.
Increased temperature also enhances cellular reactions of the defense cells in eliminating pathogens (as we heat in chemistry to increase chemical reaction rates

102
Q

svedberg units

A

70K revolutions per minute for bacteria. for humans it’s 80k revolutions for minute.

103
Q

capsule and fimbrae are both

A

virulent factors

104
Q

membrane sheath absent in..

A

flagella

105
Q

e.coli plasmid can acquire..

A

e.coli normally present does good for our body, same one can acquire plasmid from other transient bacteria w/in intestine and cause diarrhea.

106
Q

no cholesterol in membrane except

A

mycoplasma - smallest living, walking pneumonia

107
Q

protoplast

A

gram + stripped of cell wall

108
Q

ex of virulent plasmids

A

ex. - Bacillus anthracis and toxin - carry 2 virulent plasmids per cell. Plasmid usually in DNA, but in anthrax it’s in the plasmid capsule, this is an exception. I1st codes for polypeptide capsule - poly d. glutamic acid. 2nd plasmid - codes for anthrax toxin

109
Q

metabolism is the sum of

A

all chemical reactions inside the cells

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