Chem ch 26 Flashcards
DNA and RNA responsible for…
DNA - storing genetic info
RNA - transfer genetic info from one organism to another, or one generation to another
before cell begins dividing, it contains…(the messy ball)
chromatin - a tangle of DNA
during cell division, the nucleus becomes..
more compact and organized into chromosomes
human has how many pairs of chromosomes?
23, 46 total
how many chromosomes in horses?
64.
mosquito has how many chromosomes?
6 total
nucleotides are the monomer of…
DNA and RNA
nucleoside makeup (makes up nucleotide)
molecule that has 2 parts: 1) sugar
2) heterocyclic nitrogen base
nucleotides parts (3 things)
1) sugar
2) heterocylic nitrogen base
3) phosphate group
nucleosides - RNA make up
sugar is D-ribose - you need to be able to draw this
nucleosides - DNA make up
dioxyribose - draw this
heterocyclic nitrogen base (the 2 bases)
2 bases 1) purine 2) pyridamine
3 of 5 bases are..
pyridamine bases
pyradamine bases (CUT The pyramid)
cytosine (C), thymine (T), uracil (U)
DNA - bases are..
A, G, C, T
in RNA, the bases are…
A, G, C, U
adanine and guanine are__bases
purine bases
cytosine and uracil are ___bases
pyradamine
how to name purine bases (pure oshean)
purine base drop ine and replace it with osine
how to name pyradamine bases
drop some letters and replace w/ idine
For example - how to name - sugar (deribose) Adenine - naming is..
adenosine
adenine RNA is the base, adenosine is..
(this is the nucleoside)
guanine RNA naming…
is guanosine
naming RNA uracil -
attached should be uradine
RNA - sugar and cytosine naming
cytodine (this is the nucleoside)
naming DNA nucleosides (nucleoside is a sugar and a base) deoxiribose is..
deoxy adenosine (the Deoxy at the beginning means it DNA)
naming DNA nucleosides - deoxyribose guanine is
deoxy guanosine
naming DNA nucleosides - deoxiribose is
deoxy cytidine
naming DNA nucleosides - deoxyribose - T is
deoxy thymidine
A, G, T, C are the…
nitrogen bases
always add the phospophate group…
to the nucleotide
naming nucleotide if you have adenosine (this is DNA)
deoxyadenosine monophosphate (just 1 phosphate group) can also shorten it to dAMP
naming nucleotide if you have guanine (this is DNA) (gump)
deoxy guanosine monophosphate (dGMP)
naming nucleotide w/ cytodine (this is DNA) AND the short version
deoxy cytidine monophospate or dCMP
naming thymidine nucleotide (this is DNA)
deoxy thymidine monophosphate or dTMP
naming nucleotide for RNA -adenosine (just don’t add the d at the beginning)
adenosine monophosphate (AMP) guanosine monophosphate (GMP) cytidine monophosphate (CMP) uridine monophosphate (UMP)
short version naming nucleotide (this is DNA) super short version
dA, dG, dC, dT
(this is DNA)
nucleotide has..(what element)
phosphorus - so if you have dAMP - the P on the end makes it a nucleotide. If you have a nucleoside, it won’t have the “P”
ATP —- (+H2o) ADP + P is..this is on exam
hydrolysis -
ADP + P — ATP
this is phosphorylation
on exam - phosphorylation is ___hydrolysis is____(either exergonic or endergonic)
phosphorylation is endergonic, hydrolysis is exergonic
dont need to know structure of bases…
just draw circle and A, G, T, U, etc.
AG are what bases?
purine
know how to draw…
dAMP
dinucleotides (di is behind in numbers)
3’ — 5’
the backbone is the…
sugar
bond between 2 nucleotides is called..
diester phosphate
we read DNA starting with…
5’ - 5 prime. ex 5’ A G T 3’
the sequence of bases is called…(the sequence is the primary aspect)
primary structure of DNA
nucleic acid is polymer of
nucleotide NOT nucleoside
nucleic acid join by…
diester phosphate from 5’ to 3’
three fundamental processes
1) replication of DNA
2) transcription
3) translation
replication
identical copy of DNA is made when cell divides
transcription
when all of the genetic info. in DNA (genes) are read and copied
the product of transcription is…
mRNA
transcription takes place in…
the nucleus and will go to protein synthesis site
translation process (messenger needs translation)
when genetic info from mRNA is coded and used to build protein
enyzmes open the double helix when..
it’s being replicated
replication fork
where it splits
helicase (unzip hell)
the enzyme helping to open double helix
replication polymerase (replica poly does the opposite) just the numbers
moves from 3 to 5 to join nucleotide - it zips up the zipper
when polymerase is going same direction as helicase it’s called the…(poly is leading heli)
leading strand
leading strand (leading the new trends)
the new strand on one side
polymerase direction is…
3’ to 5’
3 ezymes during replication (replication needs hlp)
ligase, polymerase and helicase
difference between leading and lagging strand (akasaki is lagging) (leading goes w/ hel)
leading is continous in same direction as helicase, lagging is going short segment called akasaki
enzymes during replication (replicate hel and poly)
helicase, DNA polymerase
helicase
works with unwinding the double helix at the replication fork. this happens in many places (called origin of replication)
when helicase is open, the 2 strands..
separate, bases expose and bubbles form in which the replication process begins (at the replication fork)
DNA polymerase (poly is the reporter to transcribe)
move to the position, they help to facilitate transcription of the exposed single strand of DNA
NTPs
molecule carrying each of the 4 bases that are available one by one, H bonding are happening
DNA polymerase (poly zips up the jacket)
catalyzes the covalent bonding formation between 2 nucleotides (like zipping up jacket) between 5’ phosphate and 3’ OH
template strand
is the strand you use to make the new DNA strand
