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XIO > eating habits - 13th set > Flashcards

eating habits - 13th set Flashcards

1
Q

Genome (genetic…and the exception) ex.

A

is the cell’s genetic information; mainly composed of DNA . exception is in a group of viruses belonging to RNA family of viruses - they have RNA as the genome instead of DNA. ex. covid, flu, HIV.

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2
Q

Chromosomes (hist)

A

are thread like structures within cells
- contains DNA and associated protein. in bacterial cells, it includes non-histone protein. in human cells, its histone and non-histone proteins.

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3
Q

Gene (specific - little piece)

A

is segment of DNA that codes for a specific functional product; many genes forms a genome

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4
Q

Gene expression (transcr. tranlat. dogma)

A

(includes transcription and translation) and Central Dogma.

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5
Q

translation in humans and bacteria always occurs in the…

A

cytoplasm.

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6
Q

transcription - bacteria - always occurs in (location)

A

cytoplasm. in humans, or eukaryotes, it occurs inside the nucleus.

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7
Q

every time a cell divides, 2 things occur - (copy and pass)

A

1) DNA replication and 2) gene expression in daughter cells

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8
Q

Viruses breaks the rule of central dogma (RNA to…CDM)

A

some viruses that have RNA genome make cDNA, then they make mRNA, then they make protein. this is reverse transcriptase.

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9
Q

central dogma holds good in biological world except…(retro)

A

for a group of viruses that belongs to retroviruses. they don’t follow the rule, they encode a reverse transcriptase.

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10
Q

retroviruses includes…(retro alphabet)

A

some DNA viruses, hep B (DNA virus) C D and E are all RNA.

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11
Q

among RNA viruses - the retroviruses are…

A

HIV.

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12
Q

reverse transcriptase is exclusively encoded by the…(sick)

A

viral genome. this means uninfected, normal cells dont have reverse transcriptase

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13
Q

reverse transcriptase is RNA is copied to…

A

DNA, not the other way around

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14
Q

viruses that are RNA genome can be…(double in Rio)

A

1) double-strand of RNA, as in reovirus family

2) single-stranded RNA genome

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15
Q

all RNA genome containing viruses….(his fav thing to say)

A

that code for RNA dependent RNA polymerase (different from DNA dependent RNA polymerase)

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16
Q

DNA inside cells exists as…(DNA inside cleaners)

A

linear polymer of deoxynucleotides

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17
Q

3 and 5 (strands of DNA) - (highway)

A

running opposite directions.

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18
Q

strands are in helix like structure (dimmers - Pony and pyramids)

A

2 strands are anti-parallel (?) A always with T, and G always with the C. purine always with pyrimidins bc it provides stable structure

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19
Q

helix backbone is made of…(mentos backbone)

A

pentose sugar and phosphate groups

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20
Q

the four bases forms the…(up)

A

steps of the ladder

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21
Q

base pairing occurs in a specific way

A

the 2 strands are complimentary

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22
Q

strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between…(baseball)

A

the bases

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23
Q

DNA structure is susceptible to…(morge)

A

heat or chemical (treat with urea or formaldyhde) denaturation (melting) melting is just separation of the 2 strands

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24
Q

it’s not the number but the…

A

sequence of nucleotide is important

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25
Q

DNA is distributed equally between…(me and lane)

DNA replicates after…

A

the daughter cells - dna replicates after cell division. both daughter cells get equal amount of DNA

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26
Q

DNA replication : 3 steps (spool - H and mom guessed)

A

a. Unwinding: hydrogen bond breaks
b. Complimentary base pairing
c. Bond formation - hydrogen bond and phosphodiester bond

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27
Q

Replication is semi-conservative

A
  • one strand serves as template for the new strand

- each of the 2 new DNA molecules contains one of the original parental strand

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28
Q

DNA replication is asymmetric - leading and lagging strand (race)

A

one strand is synthesized at a faster rate (called the leading strand)- 2nd one at a slower rate (lagging strand).

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29
Q

DNA replication is..(bi)

A

bi-directional

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30
Q

DNA replication is a very…(poly replicate reporter)

A

accurate process - is due to proof-reading ability of the DNA polymerase

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31
Q

DNA replication requires not ATP, but…(STP)

A

energy ; fueled by participation of dNTP’s

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32
Q

Replication initiates from…(it’s literally in the question)

A

the origin of replication

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33
Q

Replication encompasses…(ripley replicates)

A

collaborative effort of many components:

proteins and non - proteins part, complexed as replisome - replisome is involved in DNA replication

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34
Q

Bacterial DNA is methylated (meth changes genes)

A

methylation 1. plays role in gene expression - turning on or off gene expression. 2) plays role in DNA replication initiation

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35
Q

DNA polymerase I : (copy strand - prof. ease)

A

Uses one strand as a template to generate the other strand. has proof reading exonuclease activity. elongates DNA chain only in one direction.

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36
Q

Replication fork (fork in the road)

A

is where active DNA replication occurs in replication bubble - parental strand are no more paired at the replication fork - get separated

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37
Q

Bacterial Genetics - no…

A

NO SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN BACTERIA - yet they evolve

38
Q

Vertical gene transfer (generations) - what is it, and who is doing it?

A

also called longitudinal gene transfer. it occurs in all higher plants and animals. genes are passed from one generation to the next.

39
Q

Horizontal gene transfer -

A

lateral gene transfer. the genes are transferred from the members of the same generation - occurs in lower forms of life.

40
Q

Some features of the above (above is horizontal gene transfer) DNA transfer processes: it requires a…

A

donor and a recipient cell.

41
Q

Griffith’s Experiment (capsule in cabin)

A

trying to develop a vaccine against pneumonia. he used s. pneumonia (2 strains) 1 had capsule (the virulent one - pathogenic) and non-capsulated (non-virulent).

42
Q

Transformation (Dan mediator)

A

This is horizontal gene transfer. DNA transfer occurs because of competence factor

43
Q

transformation is possible only when….

A

the recipient cell is competent. works when donor and recipient cell’s DNA are closely related cells can be made to transform by artificial transformation

44
Q

electroporation - when the cells are treated for a brief (electroshock)

A

time (1 ml sec) with high voltage electric current - it momentarily opens up some pores allowing DNA entry into the cells.

45
Q

transformation - subtle alternations in p.m./ cell wall…(transform at salon)

A

that permits small pieces of DNA uptake. even a small piece of dna has high molecular weight and can’t diffuse across p.m. or the cell wall in non-competent cells.

46
Q

Conjugation: complex process (pili)

A

DNA transfer done through pili; occurs when bacteria are in close contact.

47
Q

conjugation Differs from transformation in four ways (contact, opposite, large transfer, only one way)

A

i. contact between donor and recipient cell is necessary
ii. cells must be of opposite mating type - F+ and F-
iii. larger piece and quantity of DNA is transferred
IV. There is polar/directional transfer of DNA = always goes from F+ to F- cells.

48
Q

Transduction -who mediates and the 2 types (the real conductors - selective)

A

Transduction: recombining bacteria in which genes from a host cell (a bacterium) are incorporated into the genome of a phages and then carried to another host cell when the bacteriophage initiates another cycle of infection. Are of 2 main types: Generalized transduction and Specialized transduction

49
Q

bacterial conjugation in e.coli (reassignment - wear it, cure it - plasmid)

A

F+ (because they have the F plasmid, which codes for sex pili) are male, F- are female. F - turns into F + cell when it acquires the plasmid. curing of plasmid - it throws off the plasmid.

50
Q

HFR - high frequency of recombination (recombine F)

A

Just means an F plasmid was integrated into DNA.
F plasmid intact. short, small piece of DNA.

F plasmid is intact bc it didn’t receive the complete F plasmid. conjugation is short, just a small piece of DNA exchanged.

51
Q

Central dogma is (simple)

A

linear path of decoding the genetic information. Replication is DNA is copied to RNA

52
Q

Replication is

A

DNA is copied to RNA - this is transcription.

53
Q

Translation is just (pb)

A

protein synthesis.

54
Q

retroviruses ex. (blame it on REO - retro)

A

is respiratory virus, enteric virus, orphan viruses.

55
Q

RNA genome - single stranded RNA genome (translation) (R+ can be)

A

can be +RNA or -RNA. RNA + can be immediately translated - it acts as a messenger RNA.

56
Q

deoxynucleotides - is made of 3 parts (first part in the answer - oxy)

A

deoxyribose sugar (5 carbon pento sugar), phosphate group, nitrogenous bases (can be pyrimdins or purines) purines include AG - pyridimines are the T.C.

57
Q

griffith’s experiment - capsule helped…(saved it..capsulated and non-capsulated)

A

bacteria from being phagocytized. capsulated also called S cells bc they formed smooth colonies on agar plate. no capsulated called R cells because they formed rough colonies.

58
Q

griffith’s experiment - R cells (R-recognized)

A

r cells could be easily recognized and phagocyotized and eliminated.

59
Q

retrovirus has..(80s backward) RIP

A

protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase

60
Q

Herpes virus and human papillomavirus are..

A

DNA viruses

61
Q

Influenza, common cold and hepatitis A are…

A

RNA viruses

62
Q

Competence factors make…(mostly competent, but..)

A

subtle changes in membrane including DNA binding protein expression.

63
Q

Interpretation of Griffith results by Avery, Mc Carty and Mac Leod. (1st - butterfly)

A

that DNA carries genetics.

DNA is the transforming agent and carries the genetic information, 1st experimental evidence proving DNA is the genetic material

64
Q

How cells can be artificially transformed? (electrol)

A

Electroporation

65
Q

How’s conjugation different from transformation? (jasmine)

A

Polar transfer ( aka unidirectional transfer ) of genetic material in conjugation from male to female only.

66
Q

where is Origin of transfer coded? (___plasmid)

A

the F plasmid codes for the origin of transfer

67
Q

artificial transformation (artificial milk)

A

chemical. means - you use cold calcium chloride plus brief heat shock OR electroporation.

68
Q

conjugation - complex - only one strand is…

A

transferred to the recipient.

69
Q

Generalized transduction (general)

A

no specific portion of the gene is transferred

70
Q

Specialized transduction (selective for a few)

A

specific portion and few genes are transferred

71
Q

difference btwn conjugation and sexual reproduction? (think physio)

A

In conjugation no gamates are involved, unlike sexual repro.

72
Q

Translation is just…(pb)

A

protein synthesis.

73
Q

Heat shock…(after a burn…open pores)

A

is followed immediately by cooling in ice - this opens some of the pores in the plasma membrane and cell wall and DNA gets inside. (DNA is in the test tube)

74
Q

horizontal or above gene transfer (integration)

A

the donor’s DNA is integrated into the recipient cell’s genome.

75
Q

horizontal or above gene transfer is NOT a…(very little)

A

frequent event - occurs at a low frequency

76
Q

5 is 5th carbon atom…

A

pento sugar.

77
Q

3 is 3rd carbon atom…

A

pento sugar.

78
Q

DNA polymerase I - 5 and 3 strand can only add…(nucle to nucle)

A

nucleotide to an existing fragment of nucleic acids

79
Q

5 is the…

A

leading strand.

80
Q

how does horizontal gene transfer occur? (TTC (transform the conjugate)

A

Occurs in bacteria by several ways: transformation, conjugation and transduction

81
Q

conjugation complex process - either the plasmid…(both transferred)

A

or the complete genome can be transferred (this is theoretical. in practical sense, no)

82
Q

orphans

A

we know they are present, but we do not know what disease they cause in humans.

83
Q

competent factor in transformation means…(competent pb)

A

the proteins that are made when bacterial cells are competent (a physiological state of cell when bacterial cells can pick foreign dna)

84
Q

There is no competence factor or competent cells in…

A

conjugation.

85
Q

griffith’s experiment - provided evidence that…(DNA and R cells)

A

that DNA is the genetic material. DNA fragments, R cells, still had capsid info. even though the cells were heat killed.

86
Q

single strand RNA genome - it acts as a…(single message)

A

messenger RNA. RNA (-) is not a messenger RNA, has to be copied to a positive and then translated

87
Q

during horizontal gene transfer, only a..(hair transfer)

A

single stranded region replaces similar position of genes in recipient cells.

88
Q

in the conjugation complex process, the…(complex requires 2)

A

the second strand of the transferred plasmid is synthesized in the recipient cell.

89
Q

transformation

A

first reported by griffith. when bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment

90
Q

competent cells

A

ones that can transform - pick up bacteria.

91
Q

transformation is..___gene transfer

A

horizontal

XIO (372 decks)

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