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XIO > chem 26 - 2 > Flashcards

chem 26 - 2 Flashcards

1
Q

leading strand is…(number) (the leader is first)

A

5 to 3

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2
Q

original DNA is parallel or not?

A

anti-parallel, so new DNA will be anti-parallel as well

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3
Q

only one new strand know as leading strand is able to…

A

grow continuously - this is from 3 - 5’. This strand will grow along w/ replication fork. this is on the other strand.

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4
Q

DNA polymerase is moving in the opposite direction of the…(poly does the opposite)

A

replication fork. lagging strand which is replicated in short segments known as okazaki fragments

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5
Q

DNA ligase

A

they join small molecules to make big molecules. They join okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

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6
Q

genome is..

A

A-T and C-G. we have 3 billion base pair possibilities

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7
Q

DNA vs. RNA

A

DNA is longer, it’s double helix. RNA is single strand. DNA is deoxyribose, RNA is ribose or D-ribose. DNA is in nucleus, RNA is synthesized in the nucleus but do function in cytoplasm.

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8
Q

different types of RNA

A

formed in nucleus then leave to the cytoplasm. mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

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9
Q

mRNA is a…

A

identical copy of a gene (DNA) - remember T is replaced by U

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10
Q

mRNA job is to…

A

carry code transcribed from DNA to the ribosome where the protein synthesis takes place

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11
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA. this is the RNA that is complexed w/ protein in ribosome. made of nucleic acid and protein

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12
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA, one single strand. clover leaf structure. (upside down cross) base pairing is done through H bonding. 3 nucleotides that are complimentary of codons (anti-codons)

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13
Q

tRNA job

A

read the codons and translate to amino acids, find that amino acid and bring it to the site.

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14
Q

only the gene…

A

opens up when DNA is copied. They contain triplets.

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15
Q

transcription

A

short segment of DNA, gene unwinds,

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16
Q

RNA polymerase is an..

A

enzyme in mRNA synthesis. helps form a complimentary of template strand. remember this copy is RNA

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17
Q

only difference between informational and template strand are…

A

the DNA bases are converted to RNA, so just the T and U. Only difference, otherwise they are identical

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18
Q

genetic information consists of…(just code the genetics)

A

triplets of 3 consecutive bases, or nucleotides, known as codons

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19
Q

codons carry..

A

codes for amino acids to be assembled into proteins

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20
Q

at the end of transcription, the messenger rNA has…

A

a matching bases for every base that was in the informational strand.

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21
Q

2 types of codons in initial messenger RNA (enter and exit)

A

introns and exons

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22
Q

exons are…(opposite of what you’d think)

A

good, introns are not. they are impurities.

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23
Q

the inital mRNA is called…(piano)

A

hnRNA (hetragenous nuclear RNA)

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24
Q

exons are codes for…(what everything does)

A

protein synthesis, but introns are not

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25
Q

introns are..

A

non-coding genes. they need to be removed.

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26
Q

exons need to be…

A

spliced.

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27
Q

after removing introns, you have…

A

mRNA. Before they are removed its hnRNA.

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28
Q

ribonucleotides sequence in mRNA chain is like…

A

a coded sentence that spells out the order in which amino acid residue should be joined to make protein

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29
Q

how many codons?

A

64: the 3-bases combo in RNA. 61 are codons for specific amino acids. The other 3 are termination codons (stop codon)

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30
Q

stop codons are…(ugg, stop)

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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31
Q

get familiar with..

A

tRNA structure

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32
Q

tRNA is..

A

one single strand of RNA folded and held together by H-bonding

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33
Q

how many tRNA? (t goes w/ amino)

A

20 - bc there are 20 amino acids

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34
Q

tRNA is charged, means..

A

amino acid is joining RNA

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35
Q

anti codon (anti for mina)

A

sequence of 3 nucleotides that are complimentary to codons for mRNA.

36
Q

ex of anti-codon

A

if mRNA is 5’ CUG 3’ then anti-codon would be 3’ GAC 5’

37
Q

3 steps of translation (I ET)

A
  1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination
38
Q

initiation (mina initiates ribs w/ T)

A
  1. small subunit of the ribosome and mRNA bind together. 2. the first tRNA brings first amino acid to the site.
38
Q

initiation

A
  1. small subunit of the ribosome and mRNA bind together. 2. the first tRNA brings first amino acid to the site. fir
39
Q

first amino acid usually brought to chain is..

A

methionine. not all the proteins need met (methionine) at the end of the chain.

40
Q

if the protein doesn’t need methionine, it…

A

will be removed by a process called post translation modification.

41
Q

elongation (elongate the mRNA and translate the code)

A

growing the peptide chain - when 2 subunits of ribosomes is moving along mRNA, translating all the codons into amino acids.

42
Q

enzyme called ribozyme (z is new)

A

it catalyzes the formation of a new peptide bond. it uses GTP for energy.

43
Q

the energy released from hydrolysis of GTP to GDP can be used (just make new bonds)

A

to form peptide bonds

44
Q

termination

A

when the ribosomes reaches the stop codon - that signals the end of translation

45
Q

2 enzymes in the translation process (rizzo and RF are the translators)

A

ribozyme and releasing factor (this is an enzyme) this catalyzes releasing everything - tRNA, mRNA, peptide chain,

46
Q

how everything is connected

A

DNA is made of genes, chromosomes are made of DNA, nucleic acids are made of nucleotides,

47
Q

how to name nucleosides

A

AGTU end in osine and idine for RNA, and for DNA it’s the same just add deoxy as the prefix

48
Q

what are the monomers of DNA and RNA?

A

nucleotides

49
Q

ribonucleotides

A

Nucleotides containing ribose - they’re named AMP, UMP, etc.

50
Q

deoxyribonucleotides

A

nucleotides containing DNA - named dAMP, dTMP, etc.

51
Q

phosphate added to a nucleoside =

A

diphosphate or triphosphate

52
Q

nucleotides in DNA and RNA are connected by…

A

phosphate diester bonds

53
Q

bases (AT and GC) are connected by…(we connect by the usual)

A

H bonds

54
Q

A and T form how many bonds?

A

2 H bonds

55
Q

G and C form how many bonds?

A

3 H bonds

56
Q

mutations are…

A

Mistakes in either copying or reading a given DNA sequence

57
Q

The products of transcription are (transcription leads to RR)

A

(rRNA) ribonucleic acids. they carry the instructions stored by DNA to the sites of protein synthesis.

58
Q

what do DNA polymerases do? (poly and I split after the transcript)

A

move into position on the separated strands right after they split —their function is to facilitate transcription of the exposed single-stranded DNA

59
Q

DNA polymerase catalyzes…

A

covalent bonds between the 5’ phosphate group of the arriving nucleoside triphosphate and the 3’ –OH at the end of the growing polynucleotide strand

60
Q

template strand is read in what direction?

A

3 to 5

61
Q

new DNA strand can grow only

A

in the 5’ to 3’ direction

62
Q

leading strand goes…

A

3-5 - same direction as replication fork

63
Q

lagging strand goes…

A

5 to 3, opposite direction as replication fork

64
Q

Messenger RNAs

A

carry information transcribed from DNA. They are polynucleotides that carry the same code for proteins as does the DNA

65
Q

where is mRNA formed and moved to?

A

They are formed in the nucleus and transported to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized.

66
Q

ALL RNAs are formed where?

A

in the nucleus

67
Q

Only one of the two DNA strands is transcribed during…

A

RNA synthesis

68
Q

The DNA strand that is transcribed is the

A

template strand; its complement in the original helix is the informational strand

69
Q

The genetic code in DNA consists of…

A

triplets of consecutive bases known as codons

70
Q

The nucleotide triplets (codons) carried by…

A

mRNA code for amino acids to be assembled into proteins

71
Q

nucleic acid code that corresponds to a complete protein is known as a…

A

gene

72
Q

exon

A

The code for a gene is contained in one or more small sections of DNA

73
Q

intron

A

noncoding sequence of bases that can interrupt the code for a given gene

74
Q

initial mRNA strand is known as

A

heterogeneous nuclear RNA (or hnRNA

75
Q

Codon

A

A sequence of three ribonucleotides in the mRNA chain that codes for a specific amino acid

76
Q

Genetic code

A

The sequence of nucleotides, coded in triplets (codons) in mRNA, that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis

77
Q

Codons are always written in the…

A

5’ to 3’ direction

78
Q

cloverleaf shape is

A

tRNA

79
Q

The anti codon of each tRNA is complementary to

A

the mRNA codon designating the amino acid that the tRNA carries

80
Q

The three stages in protein synthesis are

A

The three stages in protein synthesis are

81
Q

translation

A

Each ribosome is made up of two subunits called the small subunit and the large subunit, which contain protein enzymes and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

82
Q

translation 2

A

Protein synthesis begins with the binding of an mRNA to the small subunit of a ribosome, joined by the first tRNA. The first codon on the 5’ end of mRNA, an AUG, acts as a “start” signal for the translation machinery and codes for a methionine-carrying tRNA

83
Q

translation initiation

A

Initiation is completed when the large ribosomal subunit joins the small one and the methionine-bearing tRNA occupies one of the two binding sites on the united ribosome

84
Q

translation elongation

A

Next to the first binding site is a second binding site where the next codon on mRNA is exposed and the tRNA carrying the next amino acid is attached.
• A ribozyme in the large subunit catalyzes the new peptide bond and breaks the bond linking amino acid 1 to its tRNA

85
Q

termination

A

This step also requires energy from GTP

XIO (372 decks)

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