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XIO > Moment 6 > Flashcards

Moment 6 Flashcards

1
Q

types of pronouns (PRRIIID)

A

personal, intensive, relative, interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite, reciprocal

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2
Q

types of personal pronouns (personal pon)

A

nominative (is the subject), objective and possessive

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3
Q

nominative pronoun (nominate the subject)

A

the subject of a sentence ex I, you, he, she

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4
Q

objective pronoun

A

object of a sentence ex. her, him, it, me, them, us

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5
Q

possessive pronouns

A

show possession

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6
Q

ex. nominative pronouns

A

nominative - I, you, he, she, it. Objective - me, you, him, her, it. possessive - my, mine, yours, his, hers

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7
Q

intensive pronoun (inten-self)

A

ends in self or selves. I myself, you yourself, we ourselves

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8
Q

relative pronoun (the relative is who or whom)

A

which, who, whom, whose

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9
Q

interrogative (interrogate, asking the question whom?)

A

what, which, who, whom, whose

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10
Q

demonstrative (demonstrate this or that, something else)

A

word that points to something else - ONLY this, that, these, those

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11
Q

indefinite pronoun (indefinitely vague - all or any)

A

do not refer to a specific person or thing already named. all, any, each, everyone, either, neither

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12
Q

reciprocal words (reciprocate for each other)

A

each other, one another

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13
Q

transitive verb (the usual)

A

action followed by a direct object. MOST verbs are transitive.

verb whose action points to a receiver. ex. he plays the piano.

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14
Q

intransitive verb (verb in transit so it missed the subject)

A

the action of the verb does not point to a subject or object. ex. he plays; john writes well.

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15
Q

action verb

A

shows what the subject is doing in a sentence

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16
Q

linking verbs ex. (will be - linking this verb)

A

intransitive verbs (Huffing and puffing, we arrived at the classroom - no direct object for the verb) that show a condition, can be, will be

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17
Q

phrasal verbs (it’s a phrase to call off)

A

call off, look up, and drop off

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18
Q

active voice

A

the subject of the sentence is doing the action. ex. John drew the picture.

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19
Q

passive voice

A

the subject receives the action. ex. the picture is drawn by John.

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20
Q

auxiliary verb (auxiliary) (WWAAAHH)

A

I.e. helping verb. ex. am, are, is, have, has, was, were, will, shall

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21
Q

present perfect

A

the action started in the past and continues today - I have walked to the store 3 times today

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22
Q

past perfect (both past)

A

the 2nd action happened in the past, the 1st action came before the 2nd. Before I walked to the store, I had walked to the library

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23
Q

future perfect (could be past or future)

A

action that uses the past and the future. ex. when she comes for supplies, I will have walked to the store.

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24
Q

conjugating a verb

A

changing form of verb

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25
Q

first person singular, present, past tense and past participle examples - dream

A

ex. dream, dreamed, I have dreamed

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26
Q

3 moods in English (IIS - it’s imperative that you indicate the sub mood)

A

indicative, imperative, subjunctive

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27
Q

indicative mood (indicating the facts)

A

used for facts, opinions and questions

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28
Q

imperative mood (this request is imperative)

A

used for orders or requests

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29
Q

subjunctive mood (sub mina)

A

wishes and statements that go against fact. ex. if I were you, I would do this

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30
Q

adjective (modifies what?) answers what questions?

A

a word that is used to modify a noun or pronoun. answers the questions: which one? what kind? how many?

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31
Q

articles (“the” article is “an” “a”)

A

adjectives that are used to mark nouns. only 3 - definite article “the”, indefinite “a” and “an”.

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32
Q

some adjectives are___and others are___(absolutely not my relative)

A

relative, absolute. Absolute ex - dead. You’re either dead or not, not deadest.

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33
Q

adjectives that are relative can

A

compare things

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34
Q

adjectives that are absolute can show…(absolutely this or that)

A

comparison

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35
Q

3 degrees of adjectives (PCS - positively super comp)

A

positive, comparative (smaller, faster) and superlative (tallest, smallest)

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36
Q

positive degree - adjective (positively normal)

A

normal form of an adjective. ex. the work is (difficult)

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37
Q

comparative degree (comparing my pain)

A

compares 2, ex. the work is “more difficult” than yours

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38
Q

superlative degree (super and more super)

A

compares more than 2. ex. “most difficult” work of my life

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39
Q

adverb (ad how wwwh???)

A

a word used to modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb. answers when? where? how? why?

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40
Q

preposition

A

a word placed before a noun that shows the relationship between an object and another word. ex. of, in, around, with, up, about, after

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41
Q

conjunctions

A

join words, phrases, or clauses.

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42
Q

types of conjuctions (coordinate and correlate conjunctions CCS)

A

coordinating, correlative, subordinating conjunctions

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43
Q

coordinating conjuctions (BAYS FN)

A

and, but, yet, or, nor, for and so

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44
Q

correlative conjuctions (does either/or correlate?)

A

either, or. not only…but also

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45
Q

subordinating conjunctions (the effect is subordinate to the cause - SAWBUS)

A

links dependent clause to an independent clause. Indicates cause and effect. after, whenever, before, since, unless, so that

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46
Q

interjections

A

words for exclamation. ex. hey! oh…please! wow!

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47
Q

coordinate adjectives - how to test? (coordinate - you AND I, we are equal)

A

two or more adjectives of equal value that are used to describe the same noun. if you can join them with the word “and”, or if you change the order.

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48
Q

interrogative tag (tag it on the end)

A

this is the last time, correct? (correct)

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49
Q

rules of semicolons

A

use semicolon between independent clauses linked w/ a transition word. i.e. - however, therefore

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50
Q

what goes outside quotation marks

A

semicolons and colons

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51
Q

fractions written in a sentence need a hyphen if they are used as…

A

adjectives. ex. three-fourths

52
Q

compounds (remember the fraction) used as adjectives that come before a noun need a..

A

hyphen. ex. the well-fed dog

53
Q

dashes

A

show a break in thought. ex. the 3 trees - oak, pine, and magnolia - are coming tomorrow.

54
Q

ellipsis marks…(3 dots)

A

…when words have been removed. should not be used at the beginning or end.

55
Q

use brackets

A

inside of parentheses and when adding explanation inside a quote

56
Q

kinship name

A

Did you ask Mom? uncle Jimbo

57
Q

complete subject is composed of (simply the subject)

A

the simple subject and its modifiers

58
Q

to find the complete subject, ask (who completes the subject?)

A

who or what and insert the verb to complete the sentence.

59
Q

ex. of complete subject - the small red car is the one he wants.

A

small red car is the complete subject.

60
Q

imperative sentences and ex. (not imperative that the subject be there)

A

the verb’s subject is understood, but not present. ex. Bring me a glass of water

61
Q

in sentences that begin with there are or there was…(only thing that can follow next)

A

the subject follows the verb. ex. there are 5 letters on the table for him. Subject: 5 letters

62
Q

implied - go to the post office for me

A

who is going to the post office? answer - you are.

63
Q

predicate (predicate the state)

A

describes something. what remains when you have found the subject. the predicate explains or states something about the subject. went home in John went home.

64
Q

subject-verb - the pencil and paper belong to me

A

plural subject - pencil and paper, plural verb - belong

65
Q

if there are 2 subjects and one is plural and the other singular, the verb should agree with the subject

A

closest to it.

66
Q

collective nouns

A

the team are leaving for their homes after the game.

67
Q

complements (compliment the verb) - ‘They felt very tired’

A

very tired is the compliment. a noun, pronoun, adjective that gives us more information about the verb in a sentence

68
Q

direct object is a..

A

noun that takes or receives the action of a verb. to find it, find the verb and ask who or what

69
Q

indirect object (indirectly who or what)

A

it’s the recipient of an action. In the sentence “Jake gave me some cereal,” the word “me” is the indirect object. to find it, find the verb and ask to whom or what.

70
Q

predicate noun (predict what type of dog)

A

noun that modifies the subject and links the verb. provides more info about the subject. ex. ‘dogs’ are ‘Labrador Retrievers”

71
Q

ex. of a predicate noun - my father is a lawyer

A

predicate - states something about the subject. father is the subject, lawyer is the predicate noun

72
Q

predicate adjectives (predict purple)

A

adjectives that modify the subject and link the verb. ex. The wall is purple,” the subject is “wall,” the predicate adjective is “purple”

73
Q

ex. of predicate adjective - your mother is patient

A

mother is the subject, patient is the predicate adjective

74
Q

antecedent - (adam ant pronoun) ex. John came into town, and he played for us.

A

noun that has been replaced by a prounoun. ex. John came into town, and he played for us. (he)

75
Q

pronouns - types (pro - SOP)

A

subjective - he is coming (he) objective - josh drove him (him) possessive - the flowers are mine (mine)

76
Q

whom - he knows whom we want at the party.

A

he knows whom we want at the party. Whom is the object of we want

77
Q

2 types of clauses

A

independent and dependent. clause has a subject and a verb.

78
Q

an independent clause gives..

A

a complete thought. ex. I am running outside

79
Q

dependent clause does not share..

A

a complete thought. ex. I am running (because I want to stay in shape). Clause is “I am running)

80
Q

adjective clause (adjective clause who?)

A

a dependent clause that modifies nouns and pronouns. usually has who whom which that whose.

81
Q

adjective clauses begin with…(pro clause)

A

relative pronouns - who, whose, whom, which and that. or a relative adverb - where, when, why.

82
Q

essential clause (essentially THAT’s it) - Look for the word….

A

THAT in a sentence. explains or defines person or thing

83
Q

nonessential clause (description is nice, but not essential)

A

gives more information about a person or thing, but not necessary

84
Q

ex. of essential clause - a person who works hard at first can rest later in life

A

who works hard at first

85
Q

ex. of nonessential clause - Neil Armstrong, who walked on the moon, is my hero.

A

who walked on the moon

86
Q

adverb clause - ex. Even if I take the train, I still might be late to my appointment.

A

dependent clause that modifies verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. can start w/ after, although, as, as if, before.

Even if I take the train, I still might be late to my appointment. adverb clause - even if I take the train modifies the verb.

87
Q

ex of adverb clause - when you walked outside, I called the manager.

A

when you walked outside

88
Q

noun clause (clause it’s dependent)

A

just find the dependent clause, that’s it. a dependent clause that can be used as a subject, object, or complement. can begin with how, that, what, whether, which, or why.

89
Q

phrase

A

not a complete sentence, strengthen sentences by adding explanation or renaming something.

90
Q

prepositional phrase

A

begins w/ a preposition and ends w/ a noun or pronoun used as an object.

91
Q

ex. of prepositional phrase. the picnic is on the blanket

A

it is a preposition, its object, and any words that modify the object. on the blanket

92
Q

ex. of prepositional phrase. - I am sick with a fever today

A

preposition is usually a noun or pronoun. It explains the relationship between words. - with a fever

93
Q

verbal

A

looks like a verb, but not used as a verb. verbal is a noun, adjective, or adverb. ex. writing

94
Q

ex. of verbal (just means the verb) - walk a mile daily.

A

walk is the verb.

95
Q

3 types of verbal phrases (PIG - door)

A

participial, gerund, and infinitive phrases

96
Q

participles (just add part-ing)

A

verbal that is used as an adjective. ex. swimming, eating.

97
Q

present participle always ends w/ (presently think-ing)

A

ing. the form of a verb, ending in -ing.

98
Q

past participle ends w/

A

d, ed, n, or t - ex. danced

99
Q

participle phrases (remember part-ing) ex. Walking on the beach, Delores dodged the jellyfish that had washed ashore.

A

made of participle and any complement modifier. ex. Walking on the beach = present participle phrase describing the noun Delores.

100
Q

ex. of participle (word formed from a verb) phrases - shipwrecked on an island, the boys started to fish for food.

A

shipwrecked on an island

101
Q

gerund

A

a verbal that is used as a noun. end in ing, they can be used as subject of sentence or object of verb or prep

102
Q

gerund phrases - ex. we want to be known for teaching the poor. (Jerry part-ing)

A

Ends in ing. A gerund is a noun made from a verb root plus ing. teaching the poor

103
Q

infinitives (infinitely Tu (to) love)

A

a verbal that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Any verb that is preceded by the word ‘to’ is an infinitive. ex. ‘to love, to eat, to run, to believe, to follow, to laugh, to stare, to wonder.

104
Q

ex of infinitive phrase - to join the team is my goal in life (infinitely tu (to)

A

trick - it should follow the word “to”, or will usually follow the verb. to join the team (noun)

105
Q

appositive phrases (a positive rename)

A

word or phrase that is used to explain or rename a noun or pronoun. can be essential or nonessential. ex. “a golden retriever” is an appositive to “The puppy.”

106
Q

ex of appositive (a positive new name) phrase - terriers, hunters at heart, have been dressed up to look like lap dogs.

A

hunters at heart, renames terriers.

107
Q

ex. of essential appositive phrase

A

2 founding fathers george washington and thomas jefferson served as presidents

108
Q

ex. of nonessential appositive phrase - george washington and thomas jefferson, 2 founding fathers

A

2 founding fathers - nonessential

109
Q

absolute phrases - look for…(absolute comma)

A

a comma. when they set a noun and a modifier apart to add depth, you’ll know you have an absolute phrase. phrase w/ a participle (word formed from a verb, ing) that comes after a noun. NEVER the subject.
ex. We finished our very first yoga class, our souls replenished. - our souls replenished.

110
Q

ex of absolute phrases 1) the alarm ringing, he pushes the snooze. 2) the music paused, she continued to dance.

A

the alarm ringing and the music paused

111
Q

declarative sentence ex. - states a fact

A

the football game starts at 7.

112
Q

imperative sentence ex. - tells someone to do something

A

go to the store and buy milk

113
Q

interrogative sentence - asks question

A

are you going to the game?

114
Q

exclamatory sentence - strong emotion

A

I can’t believe we won!

115
Q

4 major types of sentences (SCCC - sentences range from simple to complex)

A

simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex

116
Q

simple sentence

A

one independent clause and no subordinate clauses

117
Q

compound sentence

A

2 or more independent clauses. usually joined w/ a comma or semicolon.

118
Q

ex. of compound sentence - the time has come, and we are ready.

A

the time has come, we are ready.

119
Q

complex sentence

A

one independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses

120
Q

ex. of complex sentence - although he had the flu, harry went to work.

A

although he had the flu (dependent), harry went to work (independent).

121
Q

compound-complex sentence

A

at least 2 independent clauses and one dependent

122
Q

ex. of compound-complex sentence - john is my friend who went to India, and he brought souvenirs for us.

A

john is my friend (independent) who went to India (dependent), and he brought souvenirs for us (independent).

123
Q

dangling modifier

A

verbal phrase that does not have a clear connection to a word.

124
Q

most end in ly, but not all (not just a verb - but ADing something)

A

adverb

125
Q

ex. of direct object - Jimmy fed the dog

A

the dog

126
Q

indirect object ex - give him the book

A

him

127
Q

trick to whom (him or whom)

A

If you can replace the word with “he”’ or “’she,” use who. If you can replace it with “him” or “her,” use whom

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