Moment 6 Flashcards
types of pronouns (PRRIIID)
personal, intensive, relative, interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite, reciprocal
types of personal pronouns (personal pon)
nominative (is the subject), objective and possessive
nominative pronoun (nominate the subject)
the subject of a sentence ex I, you, he, she
objective pronoun
object of a sentence ex. her, him, it, me, them, us
possessive pronouns
show possession
ex. nominative pronouns
nominative - I, you, he, she, it. Objective - me, you, him, her, it. possessive - my, mine, yours, his, hers
intensive pronoun (inten-self)
ends in self or selves. I myself, you yourself, we ourselves
relative pronoun (the relative is who or whom)
which, who, whom, whose
interrogative (interrogate, asking the question whom?)
what, which, who, whom, whose
demonstrative (demonstrate this or that, something else)
word that points to something else - ONLY this, that, these, those
indefinite pronoun (indefinitely vague - all or any)
do not refer to a specific person or thing already named. all, any, each, everyone, either, neither
reciprocal words (reciprocate for each other)
each other, one another
transitive verb (the usual)
action followed by a direct object. MOST verbs are transitive.
verb whose action points to a receiver. ex. he plays the piano.
intransitive verb (verb in transit so it missed the subject)
the action of the verb does not point to a subject or object. ex. he plays; john writes well.
action verb
shows what the subject is doing in a sentence
linking verbs ex. (will be - linking this verb)
intransitive verbs (Huffing and puffing, we arrived at the classroom - no direct object for the verb) that show a condition, can be, will be
phrasal verbs (it’s a phrase to call off)
call off, look up, and drop off
active voice
the subject of the sentence is doing the action. ex. John drew the picture.
passive voice
the subject receives the action. ex. the picture is drawn by John.
auxiliary verb (auxiliary) (WWAAAHH)
I.e. helping verb. ex. am, are, is, have, has, was, were, will, shall
present perfect
the action started in the past and continues today - I have walked to the store 3 times today
past perfect (both past)
the 2nd action happened in the past, the 1st action came before the 2nd. Before I walked to the store, I had walked to the library
future perfect (could be past or future)
action that uses the past and the future. ex. when she comes for supplies, I will have walked to the store.
conjugating a verb
changing form of verb
first person singular, present, past tense and past participle examples - dream
ex. dream, dreamed, I have dreamed
3 moods in English (IIS - it’s imperative that you indicate the sub mood)
indicative, imperative, subjunctive
indicative mood (indicating the facts)
used for facts, opinions and questions
imperative mood (this request is imperative)
used for orders or requests
subjunctive mood (sub mina)
wishes and statements that go against fact. ex. if I were you, I would do this
adjective (modifies what?) answers what questions?
a word that is used to modify a noun or pronoun. answers the questions: which one? what kind? how many?
articles (“the” article is “an” “a”)
adjectives that are used to mark nouns. only 3 - definite article “the”, indefinite “a” and “an”.
some adjectives are___and others are___(absolutely not my relative)
relative, absolute. Absolute ex - dead. You’re either dead or not, not deadest.
adjectives that are relative can
compare things
adjectives that are absolute can show…(absolutely this or that)
comparison
3 degrees of adjectives (PCS - positively super comp)
positive, comparative (smaller, faster) and superlative (tallest, smallest)
positive degree - adjective (positively normal)
normal form of an adjective. ex. the work is (difficult)
comparative degree (comparing my pain)
compares 2, ex. the work is “more difficult” than yours
superlative degree (super and more super)
compares more than 2. ex. “most difficult” work of my life
adverb (ad how wwwh???)
a word used to modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb. answers when? where? how? why?
preposition
a word placed before a noun that shows the relationship between an object and another word. ex. of, in, around, with, up, about, after
conjunctions
join words, phrases, or clauses.
types of conjuctions (coordinate and correlate conjunctions CCS)
coordinating, correlative, subordinating conjunctions
coordinating conjuctions (BAYS FN)
and, but, yet, or, nor, for and so
correlative conjuctions (does either/or correlate?)
either, or. not only…but also
subordinating conjunctions (the effect is subordinate to the cause - SAWBUS)
links dependent clause to an independent clause. Indicates cause and effect. after, whenever, before, since, unless, so that
interjections
words for exclamation. ex. hey! oh…please! wow!
coordinate adjectives - how to test? (coordinate - you AND I, we are equal)
two or more adjectives of equal value that are used to describe the same noun. if you can join them with the word “and”, or if you change the order.
interrogative tag (tag it on the end)
this is the last time, correct? (correct)
rules of semicolons
use semicolon between independent clauses linked w/ a transition word. i.e. - however, therefore
what goes outside quotation marks
semicolons and colons
fractions written in a sentence need a hyphen if they are used as…
adjectives. ex. three-fourths
compounds (remember the fraction) used as adjectives that come before a noun need a..
hyphen. ex. the well-fed dog
dashes
show a break in thought. ex. the 3 trees - oak, pine, and magnolia - are coming tomorrow.
ellipsis marks…(3 dots)
…when words have been removed. should not be used at the beginning or end.
use brackets
inside of parentheses and when adding explanation inside a quote
kinship name
Did you ask Mom? uncle Jimbo
complete subject is composed of (simply the subject)
the simple subject and its modifiers
to find the complete subject, ask (who completes the subject?)
who or what and insert the verb to complete the sentence.
ex. of complete subject - the small red car is the one he wants.
small red car is the complete subject.
imperative sentences and ex. (not imperative that the subject be there)
the verb’s subject is understood, but not present. ex. Bring me a glass of water
in sentences that begin with there are or there was…(only thing that can follow next)
the subject follows the verb. ex. there are 5 letters on the table for him. Subject: 5 letters
implied - go to the post office for me
who is going to the post office? answer - you are.
predicate (predicate the state)
describes something. what remains when you have found the subject. the predicate explains or states something about the subject. went home in John went home.
subject-verb - the pencil and paper belong to me
plural subject - pencil and paper, plural verb - belong
if there are 2 subjects and one is plural and the other singular, the verb should agree with the subject
closest to it.
collective nouns
the team are leaving for their homes after the game.
complements (compliment the verb) - ‘They felt very tired’
very tired is the compliment. a noun, pronoun, adjective that gives us more information about the verb in a sentence
direct object is a..
noun that takes or receives the action of a verb. to find it, find the verb and ask who or what
indirect object (indirectly who or what)
it’s the recipient of an action. In the sentence “Jake gave me some cereal,” the word “me” is the indirect object. to find it, find the verb and ask to whom or what.
predicate noun (predict what type of dog)
noun that modifies the subject and links the verb. provides more info about the subject. ex. ‘dogs’ are ‘Labrador Retrievers”
ex. of a predicate noun - my father is a lawyer
predicate - states something about the subject. father is the subject, lawyer is the predicate noun
predicate adjectives (predict purple)
adjectives that modify the subject and link the verb. ex. The wall is purple,” the subject is “wall,” the predicate adjective is “purple”
ex. of predicate adjective - your mother is patient
mother is the subject, patient is the predicate adjective
antecedent - (adam ant pronoun) ex. John came into town, and he played for us.
noun that has been replaced by a prounoun. ex. John came into town, and he played for us. (he)
pronouns - types (pro - SOP)
subjective - he is coming (he) objective - josh drove him (him) possessive - the flowers are mine (mine)
whom - he knows whom we want at the party.
he knows whom we want at the party. Whom is the object of we want
2 types of clauses
independent and dependent. clause has a subject and a verb.
an independent clause gives..
a complete thought. ex. I am running outside
dependent clause does not share..
a complete thought. ex. I am running (because I want to stay in shape). Clause is “I am running)
adjective clause (adjective clause who?)
a dependent clause that modifies nouns and pronouns. usually has who whom which that whose.
adjective clauses begin with…(pro clause)
relative pronouns - who, whose, whom, which and that. or a relative adverb - where, when, why.
essential clause (essentially THAT’s it) - Look for the word….
THAT in a sentence. explains or defines person or thing
nonessential clause (description is nice, but not essential)
gives more information about a person or thing, but not necessary
ex. of essential clause - a person who works hard at first can rest later in life
who works hard at first
ex. of nonessential clause - Neil Armstrong, who walked on the moon, is my hero.
who walked on the moon
adverb clause - ex. Even if I take the train, I still might be late to my appointment.
dependent clause that modifies verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. can start w/ after, although, as, as if, before.
Even if I take the train, I still might be late to my appointment. adverb clause - even if I take the train modifies the verb.
ex of adverb clause - when you walked outside, I called the manager.
when you walked outside
noun clause (clause it’s dependent)
just find the dependent clause, that’s it. a dependent clause that can be used as a subject, object, or complement. can begin with how, that, what, whether, which, or why.
phrase
not a complete sentence, strengthen sentences by adding explanation or renaming something.
prepositional phrase
begins w/ a preposition and ends w/ a noun or pronoun used as an object.
ex. of prepositional phrase. the picnic is on the blanket
it is a preposition, its object, and any words that modify the object. on the blanket
ex. of prepositional phrase. - I am sick with a fever today
preposition is usually a noun or pronoun. It explains the relationship between words. - with a fever
verbal
looks like a verb, but not used as a verb. verbal is a noun, adjective, or adverb. ex. writing
ex. of verbal (just means the verb) - walk a mile daily.
walk is the verb.
3 types of verbal phrases (PIG - door)
participial, gerund, and infinitive phrases
participles (just add part-ing)
verbal that is used as an adjective. ex. swimming, eating.
present participle always ends w/ (presently think-ing)
ing. the form of a verb, ending in -ing.
past participle ends w/
d, ed, n, or t - ex. danced
participle phrases (remember part-ing) ex. Walking on the beach, Delores dodged the jellyfish that had washed ashore.
made of participle and any complement modifier. ex. Walking on the beach = present participle phrase describing the noun Delores.
ex. of participle (word formed from a verb) phrases - shipwrecked on an island, the boys started to fish for food.
shipwrecked on an island
gerund
a verbal that is used as a noun. end in ing, they can be used as subject of sentence or object of verb or prep
gerund phrases - ex. we want to be known for teaching the poor. (Jerry part-ing)
Ends in ing. A gerund is a noun made from a verb root plus ing. teaching the poor
infinitives (infinitely Tu (to) love)
a verbal that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Any verb that is preceded by the word ‘to’ is an infinitive. ex. ‘to love, to eat, to run, to believe, to follow, to laugh, to stare, to wonder.
ex of infinitive phrase - to join the team is my goal in life (infinitely tu (to)
trick - it should follow the word “to”, or will usually follow the verb. to join the team (noun)
appositive phrases (a positive rename)
word or phrase that is used to explain or rename a noun or pronoun. can be essential or nonessential. ex. “a golden retriever” is an appositive to “The puppy.”
ex of appositive (a positive new name) phrase - terriers, hunters at heart, have been dressed up to look like lap dogs.
hunters at heart, renames terriers.
ex. of essential appositive phrase
2 founding fathers george washington and thomas jefferson served as presidents
ex. of nonessential appositive phrase - george washington and thomas jefferson, 2 founding fathers
2 founding fathers - nonessential
absolute phrases - look for…(absolute comma)
a comma. when they set a noun and a modifier apart to add depth, you’ll know you have an absolute phrase. phrase w/ a participle (word formed from a verb, ing) that comes after a noun. NEVER the subject.
ex. We finished our very first yoga class, our souls replenished. - our souls replenished.
ex of absolute phrases 1) the alarm ringing, he pushes the snooze. 2) the music paused, she continued to dance.
the alarm ringing and the music paused
declarative sentence ex. - states a fact
the football game starts at 7.
imperative sentence ex. - tells someone to do something
go to the store and buy milk
interrogative sentence - asks question
are you going to the game?
exclamatory sentence - strong emotion
I can’t believe we won!
4 major types of sentences (SCCC - sentences range from simple to complex)
simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex
simple sentence
one independent clause and no subordinate clauses
compound sentence
2 or more independent clauses. usually joined w/ a comma or semicolon.
ex. of compound sentence - the time has come, and we are ready.
the time has come, we are ready.
complex sentence
one independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses
ex. of complex sentence - although he had the flu, harry went to work.
although he had the flu (dependent), harry went to work (independent).
compound-complex sentence
at least 2 independent clauses and one dependent
ex. of compound-complex sentence - john is my friend who went to India, and he brought souvenirs for us.
john is my friend (independent) who went to India (dependent), and he brought souvenirs for us (independent).
dangling modifier
verbal phrase that does not have a clear connection to a word.
most end in ly, but not all (not just a verb - but ADing something)
adverb
ex. of direct object - Jimmy fed the dog
the dog
indirect object ex - give him the book
him
trick to whom (him or whom)
If you can replace the word with “he”’ or “’she,” use who. If you can replace it with “him” or “her,” use whom
