Random stuff Flashcards
covalent bond (covalently co-parenting)
share electrons
parietal layer (of any organ) (parental the outside protector)
the outside layer - visceral is the inside
external intercostals do what?
lift ribcage up and out horizontally when you breathe
if volume increases, pressure…
decreases
haploid cell how many? (Hap at 23)
23
in pulmonary circuit, brochioles respond to CO2 or O?
CO2, and arterioles respond to O2. In the systemic system, it’s the opposite.
at lungs, O2 is ____in alveoli than in blood
higher
at tissues, O2 is always____in blood than in tissues
higher
H in the body increases or decreases acidity?
increases
what part of the brain controls breathing?
brain stem - just the medulla and the pons
efferent division is what 2 systems?
somatic and autonomic
meninges
cover CNS, dura, arachnoid, and pia
corpus callosum
connects the 2 hemispheres
hemispheres are…
contralateral - opposite in direction
lobes in brain (OPT F) opt for this lobe
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
gyri (gyrate and bump)
bumps
where is vision in the brain? (optometrist in the occipital)
occipital lobe
hearing portion of the brain (hear the tempo in the temporal)
temporal lobe
map of the body on brain
homonuculous
posterior parietal cortex (balance the parrot)
integrates somatosensory and visual input
wernickes (pronouced Vernikies)
language comprehension
broca
the actual muscles to speak
area of brain that plans for activities, consequences, personality, complex learning (plan in the beginning)
prefrontal association cortex
cloudy sky (covers a large area)
parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex
basal nuclei (mix basal in the salad) this is the round structure right on top of the thalamus
layer in cerebral cortex - some gray matter imbedded in white matter, then basal. motor control, cognitive functioning
what area affected w/ parkinsons
basal nuclei
what area of brain communicates directly with muscle fibers
primary motor cortex (in brain)
thalamus function (everything goes through thelma)
All information from your body’s senses (except smell) must be processed through your thalamus
coronal (CDM splits economically)
split down the middle
where does melatonin come from? (lie down on pine needles)
pineal
midsagital (sag)
down the middle
what controls water and food levels?
hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
just oxy and ADH (vasopressin)
parts of the limbic system (limber in the middle)
cortex, basal nuclei, thalamus and hypothalamus
hippocampus (below hypothalamus) short term hippo
short term memory
cerebellum - type of memory
procedural memory - ride a bike
dorsal horns in spine
afferent
ventral horns spine
efferent (somatic)
lateral horns spine
efferent (autonomic)
mneumonic for spinal cord - same dave
sensory-afferent, motor-efferent; dorsal-afferent, ventral-efferent
spinal cord breakfast mnemonic
imagine a crunchy breakfast at 7 am (7 cervical vertebrae), a tasty lunch at 12 noon (12 thoracic vertebrae), and a light dinner at 5 pm (5 lumbar vertebrae)
how to remember flow of info in spinal cord
info comes up through the back, out through the front
spine in _____is long
thoracic. Lumbar is short
spinal reflexes don’t need input from…
the brain
parts of the nervous system (CAP your nervousness)
central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system
parts of the peripheral nervous system (SA meetings are peripheral)
somatic and autonomic
parts of the autonomic nervous system (automatic sympathy)
sympathetic and para
alimentary canal
mouth to anus
pharnyx (pharnyx is phood)
food
larynx
air vocal cords
food mixing and storage occurs where?
stomach
where is water absorbed
liver
chief cells - where and what do they do
pepsinogen stomach
where does digestion and absorption occur
small intestine (duodenum)
digestive enzymes in the lumen of the small intestine came from where?
pancreas
ending in ogen
inactive form of an enzyme (only applies to protiolytic enzymes - ones that breakdown proteins. Amylase - carb breakdowns and lipase - dont come in inactive form, no need)
micelles are formed by what?
bile salts
liver breaks down what during digestion?
fat - creates micelles
liver receives what blood during digestion?
venous blood from digestive organs through the hepatic portal - it removes waste and separates nutrients to use.
what activates vitamin D? (the liver is my sunshine)
the liver
what makes plasma proteins? (clotting, defense proteins)
the liver ( Globulins participate in the immune system (i.e. immunoglobulins) and also act as transport proteins. Fibrinogens are involved in the clotting process)
what makes cholesterol?
the liver - uses fatty acids from lipoproteins
what merges into the inferior vena cava?
the hepatic vein - the one that carries blood from digestive organs to the liver
lobules
hexagons that make up the liver
liver has sinusoids (extra leaky capillaries)
because it makes plasma proteins, which are extra large. They don’t fit through normal size capillaries
right side of body (SLP to the right)
liver, stomach, pancreas
everything should be absorbed before it gets to the…
large intestine
the brush border is where?
the duodenum - BECAUSE you need to absorb all nutrients
inside each villi in the duodenum, there are…
lacteals - which are lymphatic capillaries
what cells line intestines?
simple columnar
what substance is mostly absorbed in small intestines?
Na - and water and chloride follow (Cl is an electrolyte that helps keep the proper balance of body fluids and maintain the body’s acid-base balance
what ends in ase?
enzymes
any digestive enzymes in duodenum came from…
the pancreas (like pancreatic amylse)
body can only absorb monosaccarides
like glucose, not disaccharides or poly
secondary active transport
glucose hitches a ride with sodium during active transport - into the cells in the small intestines - this is how we absorb sugar - THIS is how sodium affects digestion. If we don’t have enough sodium, we can’t absorb anything.
bile salts are both..
water soluble and fat soluble - the absorption of both is called emulsification
a micelle is made up of…
cholesterol, bile salt, and lecithin (this is how cholesterol helps break down fat)
easy steps in breaking down fat
large piece of fat from diet in blood is broken into smaller pieces by bile salts. Then pancreatic lipase (enzyme) makes chemical digestion by turning into into monogylcerides and free fatty acids. The bile makes micelles which are tiny and diffuse over brush border. Then monogylcerides and free fatty acids are small enough to go through bilayer. NOW it’s in the cell. THEN they are put back together inside the cell as triglcyerides and coated with lipoprotein. Now it’s a chylomicron and water soluble. It’s still in the cell now. It is actively transported out of the cell to the lacteal. The lacteal is not connected to the blood, so it’s not absorbed by the liver right away. This is important with meds.
lymph ends where?
subclavical veins in the thoracic
there is NO digestion where?
the large intestine. Only the bacteria digest, and this is how they make vitamin K.
where does haustral contraction occur?
large intestine
leptin
made by fat cells, tells hypothalamus that you’re done eating
ghelin made by…
stomach
what regulates long-term acid base balance
the kidneys - lungs do a little, but not like the kidneys
kidneys make a hormone. What is it? And what does it do?
erythropoietin. It makes our red blood cells.
kidneys make an enzyme. What is it? And what does it do?
Renin - part of Na balance.
in addition to liver, kidneys also convert…
vitamin D to active form
blood goes into glomerulus (in nephron) and becomes..
filtrate, goes to vein and ultimately becomes urine
peritubular capillaries
the bunchy stuff that surrounds glomerulus
bowman’s capsule just covers the…
glomerulus - this is the first place that gets the filtration. THEN the filtrate goes to the proximal convoluted tubule, then the loop, and then the distal. That connects to collecting duct. NOW it’s called urine.
2 types of nephrons
cortical (short) and juxamedullary (long)
long loops (juxtamedullary) have blood vessels called…
vasa recta
glomerulus filters everything but…
cells and plasma proteins
inner layer of glomerular capsule is called…
podocytes - they wrap around the capillaries and form filtration slits
cubes in the…
kidneys
GFR is just…
how fast filtration is occuring
autoregulation in kidneys
keeps GFR (filtration rate) the same even if your blood pressure goes up
how does autoregulation work? (drac and grandma)
macula densa (cells in kidney) detect changes in pressure and signal granular cells to release vasoactive substances. increased flow = vasoconstriction - decreased GFR decreased flow = vasodilation = increased GFR
GFR is not only controlled by autoregulation (macula densa), it’s also controlled by…
extrinsic sympathetic control - this done using the baroreceptor reflex (this increases sympathetic activity causing vasoconstriction everywhere). If you have a decreased plasma, you vasconstrict (this is in general all over the body). Vasoconstriction conserves fluids, bringing bp back up. This is LONGTERM control of bp.
where does blood go after the glomerulus?
20% filtered to nephron (but this just moves to the left and gets reabsorbed by the peritubular capillaries), 80% to the peritubular capillary. BUT then this goes back to the nephron and out as urine. It goes back and forth.
collecting duct and DCT have…
hormonal regulation - this is renin-angie-aldosterone
PCT is really on…
autopilot - this is where 92% of Na is reabsorbed
basolateral is where? (basal on the outside)
the outside
luminal surface is where? Luminate my inside
inside
renin-angie-aldost activated by what? And the entire process (renin liver lungs adrenal cortex - angie I to angie II)
low BP, low NaCl, low ECF - then macula signals granular to release renin (enzyme). Renin turns angiotensinogen (comes from liver) into angiotensin I. Then I is converted to angio II in the lungs. II is a vasoconstrictor, stimulates thirst, stimulates vasopressin (this helps w/ water reabsorption) Adrenal cortex releases aldosterone and inserts more Na pumps in DCT and collecting tubules.
vasa recta
long blood vessels only found w/ the juxtamedullary for vertical osmotic gradient
