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XIO > Random stuff > Flashcards

Random stuff Flashcards

1
Q

covalent bond (covalently co-parenting)

A

share electrons

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2
Q

parietal layer (of any organ) (parental the outside protector)

A

the outside layer - visceral is the inside

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3
Q

external intercostals do what?

A

lift ribcage up and out horizontally when you breathe

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4
Q

if volume increases, pressure…

A

decreases

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5
Q

haploid cell how many? (Hap at 23)

A

23

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6
Q

in pulmonary circuit, brochioles respond to CO2 or O?

A

CO2, and arterioles respond to O2. In the systemic system, it’s the opposite.

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7
Q

at lungs, O2 is ____in alveoli than in blood

A

higher

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8
Q

at tissues, O2 is always____in blood than in tissues

A

higher

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9
Q

H in the body increases or decreases acidity?

A

increases

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10
Q

what part of the brain controls breathing?

A

brain stem - just the medulla and the pons

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11
Q

efferent division is what 2 systems?

A

somatic and autonomic

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12
Q

meninges

A

cover CNS, dura, arachnoid, and pia

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13
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects the 2 hemispheres

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14
Q

hemispheres are…

A

contralateral - opposite in direction

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15
Q

lobes in brain (OPT F) opt for this lobe

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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16
Q

gyri (gyrate and bump)

A

bumps

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17
Q

where is vision in the brain? (optometrist in the occipital)

A

occipital lobe

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18
Q

hearing portion of the brain (hear the tempo in the temporal)

A

temporal lobe

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19
Q

map of the body on brain

A

homonuculous

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20
Q

posterior parietal cortex (balance the parrot)

A

integrates somatosensory and visual input

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21
Q

wernickes (pronouced Vernikies)

A

language comprehension

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22
Q

broca

A

the actual muscles to speak

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23
Q

area of brain that plans for activities, consequences, personality, complex learning (plan in the beginning)

A

prefrontal association cortex

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24
Q

cloudy sky (covers a large area)

A

parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex

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25
Q

basal nuclei (mix basal in the salad) this is the round structure right on top of the thalamus

A

layer in cerebral cortex - some gray matter imbedded in white matter, then basal. motor control, cognitive functioning

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26
Q

what area affected w/ parkinsons

A

basal nuclei

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27
Q

what area of brain communicates directly with muscle fibers

A

primary motor cortex (in brain)

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28
Q

thalamus function (everything goes through thelma)

A

All information from your body’s senses (except smell) must be processed through your thalamus

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29
Q

coronal (CDM splits economically)

A

split down the middle

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30
Q

where does melatonin come from? (lie down on pine needles)

A

pineal

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31
Q

midsagital (sag)

A

down the middle

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32
Q

what controls water and food levels?

A

hypothalamus

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33
Q

posterior pituitary

A

just oxy and ADH (vasopressin)

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34
Q

parts of the limbic system (limber in the middle)

A

cortex, basal nuclei, thalamus and hypothalamus

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35
Q

hippocampus (below hypothalamus) short term hippo

A

short term memory

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36
Q

cerebellum - type of memory

A

procedural memory - ride a bike

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37
Q

dorsal horns in spine

A

afferent

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38
Q

ventral horns spine

A

efferent (somatic)

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39
Q

lateral horns spine

A

efferent (autonomic)

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40
Q

mneumonic for spinal cord - same dave

A

sensory-afferent, motor-efferent; dorsal-afferent, ventral-efferent

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41
Q

spinal cord breakfast mnemonic

A

imagine a crunchy breakfast at 7 am (7 cervical vertebrae), a tasty lunch at 12 noon (12 thoracic vertebrae), and a light dinner at 5 pm (5 lumbar vertebrae)

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42
Q

how to remember flow of info in spinal cord

A

info comes up through the back, out through the front

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43
Q

spine in _____is long

A

thoracic. Lumbar is short

44
Q

spinal reflexes don’t need input from…

A

the brain

45
Q

parts of the nervous system (CAP your nervousness)

A

central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system

46
Q

parts of the peripheral nervous system (SA meetings are peripheral)

A

somatic and autonomic

47
Q

parts of the autonomic nervous system (automatic sympathy)

A

sympathetic and para

48
Q

alimentary canal

A

mouth to anus

49
Q

pharnyx (pharnyx is phood)

A

food

50
Q

larynx

A

air vocal cords

51
Q

food mixing and storage occurs where?

A

stomach

52
Q

where is water absorbed

A

liver

53
Q

chief cells - where and what do they do

A

pepsinogen stomach

54
Q

where does digestion and absorption occur

A

small intestine (duodenum)

55
Q

digestive enzymes in the lumen of the small intestine came from where?

A

pancreas

56
Q

ending in ogen

A

inactive form of an enzyme (only applies to protiolytic enzymes - ones that breakdown proteins. Amylase - carb breakdowns and lipase - dont come in inactive form, no need)

57
Q

micelles are formed by what?

A

bile salts

58
Q

liver breaks down what during digestion?

A

fat - creates micelles

59
Q

liver receives what blood during digestion?

A

venous blood from digestive organs through the hepatic portal - it removes waste and separates nutrients to use.

60
Q

what activates vitamin D? (the liver is my sunshine)

A

the liver

61
Q

what makes plasma proteins? (clotting, defense proteins)

A

the liver ( Globulins participate in the immune system (i.e. immunoglobulins) and also act as transport proteins. Fibrinogens are involved in the clotting process)

62
Q

what makes cholesterol?

A

the liver - uses fatty acids from lipoproteins

63
Q

what merges into the inferior vena cava?

A

the hepatic vein - the one that carries blood from digestive organs to the liver

64
Q

lobules

A

hexagons that make up the liver

65
Q

liver has sinusoids (extra leaky capillaries)

A

because it makes plasma proteins, which are extra large. They don’t fit through normal size capillaries

66
Q

right side of body (SLP to the right)

A

liver, stomach, pancreas

67
Q

everything should be absorbed before it gets to the…

A

large intestine

68
Q

the brush border is where?

A

the duodenum - BECAUSE you need to absorb all nutrients

69
Q

inside each villi in the duodenum, there are…

A

lacteals - which are lymphatic capillaries

70
Q

what cells line intestines?

A

simple columnar

71
Q

what substance is mostly absorbed in small intestines?

A

Na - and water and chloride follow (Cl is an electrolyte that helps keep the proper balance of body fluids and maintain the body’s acid-base balance

72
Q

what ends in ase?

A

enzymes

73
Q

any digestive enzymes in duodenum came from…

A

the pancreas (like pancreatic amylse)

74
Q

body can only absorb monosaccarides

A

like glucose, not disaccharides or poly

75
Q

secondary active transport

A

glucose hitches a ride with sodium during active transport - into the cells in the small intestines - this is how we absorb sugar - THIS is how sodium affects digestion. If we don’t have enough sodium, we can’t absorb anything.

76
Q

bile salts are both..

A

water soluble and fat soluble - the absorption of both is called emulsification

77
Q

a micelle is made up of…

A

cholesterol, bile salt, and lecithin (this is how cholesterol helps break down fat)

78
Q

easy steps in breaking down fat

A

large piece of fat from diet in blood is broken into smaller pieces by bile salts. Then pancreatic lipase (enzyme) makes chemical digestion by turning into into monogylcerides and free fatty acids. The bile makes micelles which are tiny and diffuse over brush border. Then monogylcerides and free fatty acids are small enough to go through bilayer. NOW it’s in the cell. THEN they are put back together inside the cell as triglcyerides and coated with lipoprotein. Now it’s a chylomicron and water soluble. It’s still in the cell now. It is actively transported out of the cell to the lacteal. The lacteal is not connected to the blood, so it’s not absorbed by the liver right away. This is important with meds.

79
Q

lymph ends where?

A

subclavical veins in the thoracic

80
Q

there is NO digestion where?

A

the large intestine. Only the bacteria digest, and this is how they make vitamin K.

81
Q

where does haustral contraction occur?

A

large intestine

82
Q

leptin

A

made by fat cells, tells hypothalamus that you’re done eating

83
Q

ghelin made by…

A

stomach

84
Q

what regulates long-term acid base balance

A

the kidneys - lungs do a little, but not like the kidneys

85
Q

kidneys make a hormone. What is it? And what does it do?

A

erythropoietin. It makes our red blood cells.

86
Q

kidneys make an enzyme. What is it? And what does it do?

A

Renin - part of Na balance.

87
Q

in addition to liver, kidneys also convert…

A

vitamin D to active form

88
Q

blood goes into glomerulus (in nephron) and becomes..

A

filtrate, goes to vein and ultimately becomes urine

89
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

the bunchy stuff that surrounds glomerulus

90
Q

bowman’s capsule just covers the…

A

glomerulus - this is the first place that gets the filtration. THEN the filtrate goes to the proximal convoluted tubule, then the loop, and then the distal. That connects to collecting duct. NOW it’s called urine.

91
Q

2 types of nephrons

A

cortical (short) and juxamedullary (long)

92
Q

long loops (juxtamedullary) have blood vessels called…

A

vasa recta

93
Q

glomerulus filters everything but…

A

cells and plasma proteins

94
Q

inner layer of glomerular capsule is called…

A

podocytes - they wrap around the capillaries and form filtration slits

95
Q

cubes in the…

A

kidneys

96
Q

GFR is just…

A

how fast filtration is occuring

97
Q

autoregulation in kidneys

A

keeps GFR (filtration rate) the same even if your blood pressure goes up

98
Q

how does autoregulation work? (drac and grandma)

A 
macula densa (cells in kidney) detect changes in pressure and signal granular cells to release vasoactive substances. 
increased flow = vasoconstriction - decreased GFR 
decreased flow = vasodilation = increased GFR
99
Q

GFR is not only controlled by autoregulation (macula densa), it’s also controlled by…

A

extrinsic sympathetic control - this done using the baroreceptor reflex (this increases sympathetic activity causing vasoconstriction everywhere). If you have a decreased plasma, you vasconstrict (this is in general all over the body). Vasoconstriction conserves fluids, bringing bp back up. This is LONGTERM control of bp.

100
Q

where does blood go after the glomerulus?

A

20% filtered to nephron (but this just moves to the left and gets reabsorbed by the peritubular capillaries), 80% to the peritubular capillary. BUT then this goes back to the nephron and out as urine. It goes back and forth.

101
Q

collecting duct and DCT have…

A

hormonal regulation - this is renin-angie-aldosterone

102
Q

PCT is really on…

A

autopilot - this is where 92% of Na is reabsorbed

103
Q

basolateral is where? (basal on the outside)

A

the outside

104
Q

luminal surface is where? Luminate my inside

A

inside

105
Q

renin-angie-aldost activated by what? And the entire process (renin liver lungs adrenal cortex - angie I to angie II)

A

low BP, low NaCl, low ECF - then macula signals granular to release renin (enzyme). Renin turns angiotensinogen (comes from liver) into angiotensin I. Then I is converted to angio II in the lungs. II is a vasoconstrictor, stimulates thirst, stimulates vasopressin (this helps w/ water reabsorption) Adrenal cortex releases aldosterone and inserts more Na pumps in DCT and collecting tubules.

106
Q

vasa recta

A

long blood vessels only found w/ the juxtamedullary for vertical osmotic gradient

XIO (372 decks)

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