chem exam 2-3 Flashcards
1-4 alkanes are___at room temp
gas
5-15 alkanes are___at room temp
liquid
esterification is where..(face the equation ester)
you rewrite to make the OH and the H face each other to form H2O
amide hydrolysis (amide switching back to hydro)
back to carboxylic acid and amine
if you use acid (H+) in amide hydrolysis instead of water, it’s called
acid hydrolysis - it makes ammonium ion (you don’t understand this)
if you use basic solution (OH-) in amide hydrolysis instead of water, it’s called (just the name)
base hydrolysis
if you do carboxylic acid hydrolysis in basic solution, the result will be…(the hydro box with acid is chocolate)
a carboxylate ion
if you do hydrolysis of amide in an acidic solution, the result will be…(acid changes you)
an ammonium ion - NH3 because you get one H from the H2O and the other H from the acidic catalyst - you add 2 Hs.
when naming amines if there are differences on both sides of the N
name the longest one the parent and add amine. the other is the substituent - BUT use the akyl name for the parent as well if it’s common. IUPAC longest chain is parent and called propanamine
amines are basic or acidic?
weakly basic
strongest to weakest bases - amines
Nonaromatic Amines > Ammonia > Aromatic Amines
trick - if the H is bonded directly to the O
it can hydrogen bond w/ itself
when naming amines, if there is an OH and an NH2…
the OH has priority and it becomes an oxygen. The NH2 is the branch and called amino.
if an amide is written in condensed form, it must have…(amide is a CON)
a C, O, and N somewhere next to each other
ester and amide formation
the OH on carboxylic acid is replaced by OR group of alcohol. In amide the OH from carboxylic acid is replaced by NR from amine. Both produce bi-product of H2O
in amidation, you’re only taking the..(amadeus only needs the N-oise)
N and the rest of the chain and joining it with the carboxylic acid. The other H from the N and the OH from the box join to form + H2O
what undergoes hydrolysis?
ester and amides. Esters become alcohol and amides become amines
tertiery amines can’t form…
amides (amidation) because they don’t have an H. They form ammonium salts instead
if heat is the catalyst or involved, it’s…
amidation
ester hydrolysis is caused by both…
acids and bases
ester hydrolysis with an acid…(H2SO4) (ester on acid takes acid and alcohol)
is the reverse of esterification. Product is acid and alcohol
ester hydrolysis with a base (KOH or NaOH)…(ester is basically a sap)
is saponification. The product is a carboxylate anion.
remember, ester has…(O bonds)
a double O bond and a single O bond
the product of amide hydrolysis?
carboxylic acid and amine
if you have a carboxylic acid attached to a benzene with NH2 or something, name it…
don’t name it analine, name it aminobenzoic acid
esters attached to cyclical or benzene will look like this…
O
||
CO - (the other C is here but you won’t see it) (this is the benzene)
ester naming will ALWAYS
be split in 2, unless it’s at the end
COOC
ester - might be written this way
COC
ketones can literally be written like this - you tell the difference between this an ether by looking at the surrounding carbons. If they are CH2, then you know it’s an ether because it’s a single bond.
trick - if molecule has H bonded to N or O it can…(HON can hydrogen bond with itself)
hydrogen bond w/ itself (remember aldehydes have CHO, but the O is bonded to the C, not the H)
ketones and aldehydes only soluble up to…
3 carbons. 4 is not soluble
when will a ketone give a positive benedict’s test?
if there is an OH next to the carbonyl group
reduction of ketones and aldehydes w/ reducing agent and H3O
the reducing agent adds one H to the free C (which you might not see) and the H3O adds one H to the O. The biproduct is + H2O
common naming of ketones
it’s just alphabetical - ie methyl propyl ketone
aldehyde on benzene will look like this…
O
||
benzene - / \ H
hemiketals and hemiacetals
formed when OH is added to aldehyde or ketone. When acid catalyst is added, they become ketals and acetals.
how to tell the difference btwn hemiacetal and hemiketal and acetal and ketal
the hemis will have an OH group, the ketal and acetal will not
naming amines (amine has parents, ketone doesn’t)
the longest chain is the parent, ie common- proplyamine - IUPAC - propanamine
ketones don’t have parents, but..
amines do
amine is basic or acidic (amine is soo basic)
basic
when determining which amine has a stronger base…(little amine is the strongest on 1st base)
the smaller the amine the stronger the base - ie - methylamine is a stronger base than phenylamine
amine are always named with…(amine’s name means branch)
branches, methyl, propyl amine.
if you neutralize an amine with a strong acid, it forms..
an alkylammonium ion
if you see something attached to NH2+, name it…
ammonium ion
to rank the bp of amines…
the NH2 has the highest bp because it make the most hydrogen bonds, then go down from there
oxidizing aldehyde turns it into a…(Ox ald, you’re a box)
carboxylic acid. You’re just adding one O to the H.
reducing aldehydes and ketones (reduce the double bond ald)
the H makes the double bond single
esterification (OH ester, take the H and move)
the OH on the carboxcylic acid is replaced by the H on an alcohol. The OH and H are moved aside to form H2O.
amidation (the car and amine make amide)
the OH on the carboxcylic acid is replaced by the NR on an amine to make an amide
hydrolysis does what?
reverses amidiation and esterification - it adds the Hs back
if you have an ester that has an alkyl group on the side with the C=O, name it…
methyl 4-methylpentanoate. The alkyl stays with the parent chain, not in front of it.
acetate looks like this (it’s an ester)
O
||
CH3CO
esterification and amidation
you’re making H2O as a biproduct.
hydrolysis ester and amide
you’re making OH as a biproduct
