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XIO > Chem ch 17 > Flashcards

Chem ch 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Carboxylic acid (cooh the box)

A

A compound that has a carbonyl group bonded to an –OH group, RCOOH

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2
Q

Acid anhydrides (anything formed when H20 is removed) are formed when…(ana is 2)

A

two carboxylic acids join together by eliminating a molecule of water.

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3
Q

carboxylic acids, esters, and amides all have…

A

polar and structural similarities

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4
Q

carboxylic acids, esters, and amides all…(bp) AND which can H bond…

A

All boil at a higher temperature than comparable alkanes, and carboxylic acids and amides that have an H on the nitrogen can hydrogen bond

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5
Q

carbonyl-group substitution reactions

A

—Z replaces (substitutes for) the group bonded to the carbonyl carbon atom

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6
Q

carbonyl-group substitution reactions are quite often called…(sub in the ace)

A

acyl transfer reactions.

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7
Q

carboxylic acids can or can’t form hydrogen bonds with each other?

A

they can

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8
Q

Carboxylic Acids - which ones are soluble? (soluble box has 4 sides)

A

those with up to four carbons are water-soluble

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9
Q

Acids with saturated, straight-chain R groups of up to nine carbon atoms are…(9 acidic drinks)

A

volatile liquids with strong, pungent, and usually unpleasant odors

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10
Q

Carboxylic acids naming

A

replace the final -e of the corresponding alkane name with -oic acid

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11
Q

carboxylic acids - common names

A

the carbon atoms attached to the –COOH group are identified by Greek letters α, β, γ and so on, rather than numbers

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12
Q

The acyl group that remains when a carboxylic acid loses its –OH is named by replacing the…(acyl gargoyl)

A

-ic at the end of the acid name with -oyl

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13
Q

Dicarboxylic acids

A

contain two –COOH groups, are named systematically by adding the ending -dioic acid to the alkane name (the -e is retained).

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14
Q

Unsaturated acids (double bonds) are named systematically in the IUPAC system with the ending in…(this is just alkene - pass)

A

-enoic, ex. H2C=CHCOOH, is named propenoic acid.

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15
Q

when writing common name for carboxylic acid, REMEMBER…(y-ric is commonly known)

A

it will end in yric - ex. β-hydroxy-α-methylbutyric acid

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16
Q

When the –OH of the carboxyl group is converted to the –OR of an ester group…(hydrogen bonding…)

A

the ability of the molecules to hydrogen bond with each other is lost

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17
Q

esters properties (esters liquids are boring but smell good)

A

Simple esters are colorless, volatile liquids with pleasant odors, and many of them contribute to the natural fragrance of flowers and ripe fruits.

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18
Q

esters - high or low bp?

A

low bp

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19
Q

ester naming

A

The first is the name of the alkyl group R’ in the ester group. The second is the name of the parent acid, with the family-name ending -ic acid replaced by -ate.

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20
Q

amides w/ NH2 attached can or can’t form H bonds?

A

they can form H bonds

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21
Q

unsubstituted amides are..(solubility)

A

are soluble in both water (with which they form hydrogen bonds) and organic solvents

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22
Q

Monosubstituted amides (RCONHR’) can…(h bonds)

A

form hydrogen bonds to each other

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23
Q

disubstituted amides (RCONR2’)…

A

cannot form H bonds and are, therefore, lower boiling.

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24
Q

difference btwn amide and amine

A

amide the NH is bonded directly to carbonyl group, amine it’s not

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25
Q

amide naming

A

unsubstituted –NH2 group are named by replacing the -ic acid or -oic acid of the corresponding carboxylic acid name with -amide

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26
Q

Carboxylate anion

A

Carboxylate anion: The anion that results from the ionization of a carboxylic acid, RCOO–

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27
Q

Carboxylate anion naming (I ate the COO)

A

Carboxylate anions are named by replacing the 
-ic ending in the carboxylic acid name with -ate.

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28
Q

The comparative strength of an acid is measured by…

A

its acid dissociation constant (Ka); the smaller the value of Ka, the weaker the acid.

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29
Q

pKa (–log Ka) (Ka likes acid)

A

is often used when discussing the acidity of organic and biomolecules

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30
Q

With pKa, the…(opposite of K)

A

larger and more positive number, the weaker the acid is

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31
Q

There is a 10-fold difference in…

A

acidity for every 1 pKa unit.

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32
Q

Carboxylic acids undergo neutralization reactions…

A

to give water and a carboxylic acid salt, as shown here for the formation of sodium acetate

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33
Q

ester and amide formation

A

The reactions of alcohols and amines with carboxylic acids follow the same pattern—both result in substitution of other groups for the –OH of the acid and formation of water.

34
Q

in ester and amide formation..

A

you literally just move things around to form + H2O

35
Q

Esterification is…(AND what is the catalyst) (esterification is warm)

A

carried out by warming a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of a strong-acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid - just switching the last part to form + H20

36
Q

Amide Formation (amide drinking ammonia?)

A

Unsubstituted amides are formed by the reaction of carboxylic acids with ammonia

37
Q

Substituted amides are…

A

produced in reactions between primary or secondary amines and carboxylic acids

38
Q

amide formation steps

A

The first step of the reaction is formation of the ammonium salt; amide formation reactions must be heated to proceed.
The overall reaction is formation of an amide accompanied by formation of water.

39
Q

amide formation - Tertiary amines…

A

do not have a hydrogen on the amine nitrogen and, therefore, do not form amides, generating only the ammonium salt.

40
Q

Esters and amides undergo hydrolysis to…

A

Esters and amides undergo hydrolysis to give back carboxylic acids plus alcohols or amines

41
Q

hydrolysis does what to esters and amides?

A

turns them back into carboxylic acids

42
Q

Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis is simply the reverse of…

A

the esterification

43
Q

Both acids and bases can cause…

A

ester hydrolysis

44
Q

saponification (basic ester is such a sap)

A

Ester hydrolysis using a base such as NaOH or KOH

45
Q

Amides are stable in water, but…

A

hydrolyze with heating in the presence of acids or bases

46
Q

Nylons are…

A

Nylons are polyamides produced by reaction of diamines with diacids

47
Q

Diacids and dialcohols react to yield…

A

polyesters

48
Q

Phosphate ester

A

A compound formed by reaction of an alcohol with phosphoric acid

49
Q

Phosphoric acid description (phos is like box)

A

Phosphoric acid is an inorganic acid with a striking resemblance to a carboxylic acid; it has three acidic hydrogen atoms, allowing it to form three different anions

50
Q

phosphoric acid reacts with…

A

alcohols to form phosphate esters. It may be esterified at one, two, or all three of its –OH groups by reaction with an alcohol

51
Q

Phosphate monoesters and diesters are acidic or basic? (die acid)

A

they are acidic because they contain acidic hydrogen atoms. In neutral or alkaline solutions, they are ions.

52
Q

phosphoryl group

A

The PO32− group as part of a larger molecule

53
Q

Two or three molecules of phosphoric acid can combine to lose water and form…

A

diphosphoric and triphosphoric acid. These anhydride-containing acids can also form esters, which are known as diphosphates and triphosphates

54
Q

phosphorylation

A

the transfer of a phosphoryl group from one molecule to another

55
Q

In biochemical reactions, phosphoryl groups are often provided by a triphosphate (adenosine triphosphate, ATP)

A

which is converted to a diphosphate (adenosine diphosphate, ADP) in a reaction accompanied by the release of energy

56
Q

The addition and removal of phosphoryl groups is a common mechanism for regulating…

A

the activity of biomolecules

57
Q

Organic phosphates contains what linkages? (Phos is the boss)

A

C-O-P linkages

58
Q

Organic phosphates with one or two R groups (properties)

A

(monoesters or diesters) are acids and exist in ionized form in body fluids

59
Q

diphosphate and triphosphate groups

A

important in biomolecules, contain one or two phosphoanhydride linkages, respectively

60
Q

Phosphorylation

A

the transfer of a phosphoryl group from one molecule to another

61
Q

ending for carboxylic acids (the box is stoic)

A

oic acid

62
Q

alanine (alana eats aminos in 3s)

A

alpha aminopropionic acid

63
Q

when the OH group from the carboxylic acid is taken off, the naming is…(oh removes oil)

A

ends oyl. ex - propanoyl

64
Q

naming if there is 2 COOH groups

A

dioic acid

65
Q

unsaturated acids (carboxylic acids w/ more than one C double bond) naming (not quite oic)

A

end in enoic

66
Q

common naming for carboxylic acids

A

will be alpha, beta, etc. and don’t forget to change last part to yric acid. ex. a-methylbutyric acid

67
Q

esters are just…

A

carboxylic acids with the OH replaced by OR.

68
Q

naming esters (ester ate the left parent)

A

the O and everything to the right is the alkyl - ie - ethyl, and the double bond and C and everything to the left is parent ending in ic or ate. ie ethyl acetate.

69
Q

as long as there is an NH (doesn’t have to be NH2) it’s an..

A

amide

70
Q

N attached directly to carbonyl group is an…(it can be an N or NH2)

A

amide

71
Q

acetic acid - describe

A

2 Cs (one part of the carboxyl group) and an OH. Just a carboxyl with an extra CH3 attached

72
Q

difference btwn amides and amines

A

in amide the N is bonded directly to the carbonyl group, but not in amines

73
Q

amides naming - they literally just end in…

A

amide

74
Q

RCOO- (name)

A

carboxylate anions

75
Q

carboxylate anions naming

A

ic is replaced with ate

76
Q

the smaller Ka, the ____the acid

A

weaker

77
Q

esterification

A

warming carboxylic acid with alcohol

78
Q

primary amides are formed by the reaction of…

A

carboxylic acid and ammonia (NH3)

79
Q

secondary and tertiary amides are produced…

A

during reactions between primary and secondary amines and carboxylic acids

80
Q

ester (sings ohio)

A

O=C-O

XIO (372 decks)

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