chem test 1 Flashcards
ester functional group
O=C
ether function group
C-O-C
aldehyde functional group
H or R-C=O. carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen) with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to any generic alkyl or side chain R group
Carboxylic Acid functional group
box the alcohol twice - OH-C=O
amide functional group
NH2=C
meso
just look for the one that is symmetrical mirror image
ether (either C Or C)
C-O-C
alcohol
OH group
phenols
OH attached to benzene
amine
NH2
aldehyde (chew the hyde)
R-CHO, O double bond (this whole thing is the functional group)
ketones
R-C-R = O
carboxylic acid (box oxy twice alc once)
R - C =O - OH
ester (ester is 2 and 1 ether)
C=O-O-C (1 single bond to O and 1 double bond to O)
amide
NH2 to C and double bond O
anhydrides (ana minag)
C=O-C=O
thiol (theo shy)
SH group
disulfide
R-S-S-R
sulfide
R-S-R
wedge
projecting towards the viewer
dashes
fading into the background
always called “iso”
one branch in the middle, ie - isopentane
secbutane
branch on 2nd carbon
iosbutane
looks like a cross
mercaptans (theo is a captain)
thiols
hydroxy group
OH
mercapto group (theo is captain)
SH
CH3-SH
methanethiol
in cyclic, does OH or SH have priority?
OH has priority over SH
diol
2 OH groups
when OH is a side chain, use…
hydroxyl
properties of thiol (theo smell)
strong odor, onion, garlic, skunk. used to detect gas leaks
do thiols or alcohol have a lower bp?
thiols
D rotates polarized light to the…
right
L rotates polarized light to the…
left
phenol
OH group bonded directly to aromatic
when finding the longest chain w/ an OH group, REMEMBER
the chain has to include the OH group (but it might look like less carbons, it’s ok)
alcohols with large alkane parts (like heptanol) are less…
soluble in water
alcohols with smaller alkane parts, like methanol, are more…
soluble in water because the hydrophobic part is small.
Diols and triols are more…
water soluble and have higher BP because they can form more hydrogen bonds
Which is more water soluble? alcohol with 1 OH group or 2 OH groups?
alcohol w/ 2 OH groups, diols.
molecules with carbon to oxygen ratio of 1:1 to 1:3 are soluble in water, ie…
methanol, ethanol and propanol
carbon to oxygen ratio of 5:1 and greater are..
insoluble. Those with 4:1 are slightly soluble
the more OHs, the higher the…
boiling point
aliphatic
not rings, open structures
aryl (Ar group)
has an aromatic ring attached
ethylene glycol (ethyl vape)
2 CH2 and 2 OHs
gylcerol or glycerin (gylcerine)
3 CHs and 3 OHs
methyl, ethyl and propyl alcohol are all highly___in water
soluble
alkenol
just the name for alcohols - like alkanes, etc.
naming of cyclic w/ OH group
cyclohexanol, cyclopentanol, etc.
in cyclos w/ more substiuents (other than OH) you don’t need to…
add the 1 when naming, it’s always 1, so it’s understood. ie - 2-methyl-cyclopentanol
with cyclos that have an OH and a double bond (or triple) name it…
2-cyclohexenol - 2 marking where the double bond is
4-methyl-2-hept-2-enol
naming for line structures with OH group and double bond
1-pent-2-enol
1 is the OH group, and 2 is the double bond
diols - when 2 OH groups are on adjacent carbons, we call them…
glycols
when numbering diols, go the way that is…
lower for both OH groups
when naming diols…
use the whole alkane name, ie 1,3-butanediol (1 and 3 are the OH groups)
HO-CH2-CH2-OH (dial 2 alchys)
1,2 ethanediol or can call it ethylene glycol
when alcohol loses a water molecule, it becomes an
alkene - the OH leaves, and that bond folds down making a double bond - ie, alkene
when we add water to alkene, it becomes an
alcohol
zaitsev’s rule or saytezeff’s rule w/ dehydration
THIS is only used when dehydrating alcohols - more branched alkene is favored - highlight the 2 carbons attached to the double bond, and chose the one that has more branches. that’s primary.
zaitsev’s rule or saytezeff’s rule w/ dehydration
more branched alkene is favored - highlight the 2 carbons attached to the double bond, and chose the one that has more branches. that’s the major.
H+ is the shortened version of
sulfuric acid
oxidation only happens with..
primary and secondary alcohol. NOT tertiary alcohol
reaction with {O} is…
oxidation
oxidation of alcohol produces either..
aldehyde or ketone
in oxidation, you are removing how many Hs?
2 hydrogens
can’t do oxidation w/ what type of carbon?
tertiary - because there is no free H to remove
primary alcohol are oxidized to become..
aldahyde, and that becomes carboxylic acid
secondary alcohol can get oxidized to become..
ketones, then no reactions after that.
tertiary alcohol oxidized to..
nothing, NR
