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XIO > Traffic - week 16 > Flashcards

Traffic - week 16 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system is a…(and nervous)

A

slow” control system

  • many interactions among endocrine glands
  • interacts with nervous system (neuroendocrine reflexes)
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2
Q

acts via hormones (only bullseye target)

A
  1. chemical secreted into the blood that acts on target cells elsewhere in the body
    a. only target cells have receptors for a particular hormone
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3
Q

endocrine function at very low…(long headache and hormones)

A

concentrations

  1. prolonged effects
  2. includes neurohormones
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4
Q

general functions of endocrine (run to the end)

A
  1. regulate metabolism
  2. H2O and electrolyte balance
  3. coping with stress
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5
Q

most hormone systems operate with

A

negative feedback

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6
Q

diurnal (circadian) rhythms - hormone secretion…(up and down) set point changed by…

A

varies throughout time (a day- days- months)

a. set point changed by CNS

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7
Q

endocrine disorders (hypo/hyper is the target)

A
  1. hyposecretion
  2. hypersecretion
  3. abnormality of target cell
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8
Q

responsiveness of receptors (# warehouse)

A
  1. action of hormone depends on number of receptors
    a. hormone influences number of its own receptors
    (1) down-regulation (more hormone ➝ fewer receptors)
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9
Q

other hormones influence receptors of a (permissive, synergism, antag)

A

different hormone (number of receptors or affinity)

(1) permissiveness - enhances response of another hormone
(2) synergism - both hormones enhance each others response
(3) antagonism - inhibits response of another hormone

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10
Q

Pineal Gland (pine needle bed)

A
  • melatonin
    1. regulates biological clock
    a. cued by light/dark sensed by
    eyes
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11
Q

Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) (post for storage - released by…)

A
  • Hypothalamus produces hormones that are stored in posterior pituitary
    1. hypothalamus signals release with APs
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12
Q

Vasopressin (ADH) (angie - hoard)

A
  1. conserves H2O (when osmolarity increased)

2. vasoconstrictor (when ECF/BP decreased)

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13
Q

Oxytocin (contract neuro estro)

A
  1. uterine contractions during childbirth
    a. estrogen has permissive effects
    b. triggered by neuro endocrine reflexes (baby’s head pushing against cervix)
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14
Q

(adenohypophysis) - Anterior pituitary produces…(copies hypo)

A

hormones and releases them in response to hormones from hypothalamus

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15
Q

hypothalamus secretes ____hormones (tropics in the hypo)

A

tropic hormones (releasing and inhibiting hormones)

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16
Q

anterior pituitary tropic hormones act on other…(pit dr. ponty)

A

endocrine glands

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17
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) (goide trophy)

A

(1) growth and secretion of thyroid gland

2) thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH

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18
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, adrenocorticotropin) (tall adrian)

A

(1) growth and secretion of adrenal cortex (cortisol)

2) corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH

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19
Q

gonadotropins

A

(1) secretion of sex hormones by gonads

2) gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH

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20
Q

GH, somatotropin (soma opposite - geh and grr)

A

growth hormone

(1) regulates growth and metabolism
(2) growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

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21
Q

nontropic anterior pituitary hormone (no tropics)

A

a. prolactin (PRL)

(1) breast development and milk production in typical female

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22
Q

Growth Hormone (andre - gif - door)

A
  1. stimulates production of IGF-1 (somatomedins) mainly in liver that then act on target cells (most cells) to promote growth
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23
Q

growth hormone - growth of cells in size/number (mattias)

A

(1) stimulates protein synthesis and cellular uptake of amino acids
(2) inhibits protein breakdown

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24
Q

growth hormone - growth of bones in…(chloe)

A

length/thickness

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25
Q

growth hormone conserves…(sugar for my brain) and uses…

A

glucose (for brain) and use fat stores.

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26
Q

Thyroid Hormone (many effects) (T2 - couch)

A
  1. mix of T3 and T4
  2. acts on most cells
  3. increases overall metabolic rate
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27
Q

disorders among most common in endocrine system (mom)

A

hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

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28
Q

Calcitonin (think calcium)

A
  1. involved in Ca2+ balance
    a. inhibits break down of bone
    b. protects bones when there’s high aCa2+ demand (pregnancy, breast feeding)
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29
Q

Adrenal Cortex (steroid hormones) (adrian - tv)

A

Mineralocorticoids and sex hormones

30
Q

cortisol (stress response; makes energy and building blocks available) (cort - genesis - save gluc)

A

a. increases blood glucose
(1) inhibits uptake by most tissues, sparing it for brain
(2) gluconeogenesis by liver (aa ➝ glucose)
b. increases blood aa and fatty acids

31
Q

Adrenal Medulla secretes both…(medus graveyard)

A

NE and E (E more important)

32
Q

Adrenal Medulla - Epinephrine - sympathetic effects - increased HR and CO…..(dr - kitchen table - legs relaxed)

A

vasoconstrictor ➝ increased BP (α and β1)

vasodilation in skeletal muscle and heart (β2)

33
Q

metabolic effects - adrenal medulla (medus bed - sugar - tickl)

A

(stress response makes energy and building blocks available)

a. increases blood glucose
(1) stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in liver, glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle

34
Q

Pancreas - Insulin (candy drawer)

A

stores energy as body absorbs nutrients (absorptive state)

35
Q

pancreas - decreases blood… (pan - sweeping in cells - pictures)

A

glucose

(1) glucose to cells (increases transporters)
(2) glycogenesis in liver (glucose ➝ glycogen)
(3) inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver

36
Q

pancreas - decreases…(pan cooking and baking)

A

blood fatty acids

(1) glucose to adipose tissue to form fatty acids and glycerol

37
Q

pancreas - decreases…(pan - bridge AA)

A

blood amino acids (AA)

(1) amino acids to the cells and made into proteins
(2) inhibits protein breakdown

38
Q

diabetes most common..

A

endocrine disorder

39
Q

Glucagon (glum - scales - veggies) and major effects are on…..

A

maintains levels of blood nutrients after absorption - opposite of insulin. major effects are on liver

40
Q

Glucagon - increases blood glucose (glum - corner)

A

1) decreases glycogenesis

(2) increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

41
Q

Glucagon - increases blood… (glum - cooking - lip)

A

fatty acids

(1) increases lipolysis
(2) decreases lipid synthesis

42
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) (parrot - calcium)

A
  1. involved in Ca2+ balance (opposite of calcitonin)
    a. increases plasma Ca2+
    (1) breaks down bone
43
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) also involved in PO43 ….(parrot - bedroom)

A

balance

a. decreases plasma PO43 (phospate
1) increases excretion by kidneys (in bone, would ppt in blood w/ Ca2+)

44
Q

endocrine disorders - hyposecretion (hypo GIDT)

A

genetic, dietary, toxins, immune disorder

45
Q

hypersecretion

A

tumors

46
Q

abnormality of target cell (no eskimo receptor)

A

lack of receptors or lack of enzymes for reactions

47
Q

cortisol stimulates the breakdown of…(cort protein bar)

A

…protein and fat

48
Q

Adrenal Medulla - Epinephrine - sympathetic effects - brochio….(breath heavy, get out)

A

c. bronchodilation (β2)

d. also increases alertness, sweating, dilates pupils

49
Q

metabolic affects - adrenal medulla - inhibits secretion of…(medus - guest bedroom)

A
  1. insulin, simulates secretion of glucagon

b. increases blood fatty acids

50
Q

parathyroid hormone - stimulate reabsorption by…(parrot - beans)

A

kidneys

(3) helps activate vit D, which enhances absorption of Ca2+ from diet

51
Q

endocrine disorders - hypersecretion (simple)

A

tumor

52
Q

endocrine disorders - abnormality of (bullseye)

A

target cell (lack of receptors or lack of enzymes for reactions)

53
Q

cortisol has permissive actions on…(permit medus)

A

hormones of adrenal medulla (catecholamines)

54
Q

cortisol is important in…(how you feel right now)

A

adaptation to stress

55
Q

cortisol alters…and its…

A

mood and behavior (mechanisms unclear)

f. anti-inflammatory

56
Q

pineal gland - induces…(SSIE - slows aging)

A

a. sleep
b. inhibit sex hormones
c. enhance immunity
d. slow aging (antioxidant)

57
Q

endocrine system is responsible for…(GRRD - dr. ponty)

A
  1. growth and development
  2. reproduction
  3. RBC production
  4. digestion/absorption
58
Q

tropic hormones regulate…(others in the tropics)

A

hormone secretion of other glands

59
Q

oxytocin - milk ejection

A

triggered by baby nursing

60
Q

diurnal (circadian) rhythms (negative light)

A
  1. negative feedback maintains level at set point for that time
  2. external cues like light/dark or activity/inactivity
61
Q

growth hormone increases…(andre - eating tv)

A

blood fatty acids for muscle use

62
Q

growth hormone is triggered by…(bike front door)

A

exercise, stress, changes in blood nutrient levels such as increase in amino acids, decrease in fatty acids

63
Q

growth hormone maintains body during..

A

fasting

64
Q

nontropic anterior pituitary hormone - prolactin…(release/inhibit)

A

(2) prolactin releasing factor (PRF) and

prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)

65
Q

thyroid hormone - permissive effects on…(graveyard thy)

A

E and NE

  1. critical for normal nervous system activity
  2. critical for growth, increases GH secretion and has permissive effects
66
Q

hyperthyroidism (bulging)

A

increased metabolic rate, perspiration, loss of weight, weakness, palpitations, irritability, bulging eyes

67
Q

hypothyroidism (couch)

A

decreased metabolic rate, cold intolerant, gain weight, fatigue, slow reflexes

68
Q

Mineralocorticoids (steroid hormones - adrenal cortex) (self explanatory)

A

influence mineral balance (e.g., aldosterone)

69
Q

sex hormones(steroid hormones - adrenal cortex)

A

similar or identical to gonadal hormones

70
Q

metabolic affects - adrenal medulla - breakdown of…(large medus)

A

fats

c. increases overall metabolic rate

71
Q

pancreas (pan - corner)

A

(2) fatty acids to cells

(3) inhibits lipolysis

XIO (372 decks)

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