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XIO > Chem ch 15 > Flashcards

Chem ch 15 Flashcards

1
Q

no hydrogen bonding (the twins)

A

aldehydes and ketones

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2
Q

formaldehyde

A

methanal - CH2O

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3
Q

acetaldehyde

A

ethanal - CH3-C (=O attached at the top) -H

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4
Q

the H will always be shown in an..

A

aldehyde

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5
Q

no hydrogens on

A

ketones

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6
Q

benzaldehyde

A

just benzene w/ CHO attached at top

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7
Q

when naming an aldehyde attached to cyclic, name it…(with the cyclic it’s too many carbs)

A

cyclohexane carbaldehyde - the cyclo w/ carbaldehyde at the end.

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8
Q

naming straight chain aldehydes (alden is al)

A

don’t number the aldehyde - it’s just 3-methylhexanal

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9
Q

does aldehyde or OH group have priority?

A

aldehyde

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10
Q

ketones end in (literally the end of ketone)

A

one, ie 3-pentanone

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11
Q

don’t do methyl & ethyl (common names) for ketones when..

A

the chains get longer. Just use IUPAC - ie. butanone.

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12
Q

diphenyl ketone

A

a ketone w/ 2 phenyls - one on each side (phenyl is benzene minus one H)

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13
Q

when naming, if you have a ketone and a double bond…

A

split the name in half. ie - 3-penten-2-one. (the double bond on 3 goes first)

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14
Q

ending of a ketone (key to one heart)

A

one

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15
Q

aldehyde naming ends in (alden is al)

A

al

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16
Q

what has the highest boiling point? butane, butanol, or butanal?

A

butanal bc it has dipole dipole and H bonding

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17
Q

C and O is what type of bonding?

A

dipole dipole

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18
Q

super solvent

A

acetone

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19
Q

aldehydes oxidized to…

A

carboxylic acid

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20
Q

ketones oxidized to..(no oxy in the keys)

A

NR - can’t be oxidized

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21
Q

when oxidizing aldehyde

A

just attach the O to the H group - so it’s - OH.

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22
Q

when oxidizing, if you already have a double bond O, attach the O

A

to the free H

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23
Q

tollen test or tollen’s reagent (pay the toll w/ silver - then cho)

A

used to distinguish between aldehyde and ketone. if silver, it’s an aldehyde

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24
Q

benedict’s test

A

blue copper turns brick red

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25
Q

aldehyde w/ benedict test turns what color?

A

red

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26
Q

benedict test cannot be used to..

A

distinguish between aldheyde and ketone

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27
Q

reagent and product w/ tollen’s test is…

A

reagent is Ag+, product is Ag

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28
Q

Reagent and product w/ Benedict’s test (old Ben likes copper)

A

reagent is CU2+, and product is CU+

29
Q

primary alcohol reduced to..

A

aldehyde

30
Q

secondary alcohol reduced to

A

ketone

31
Q

reducing agent brings what to a reaction?

A

H+ and H- (this is called hyride ion)

32
Q

in a reduction reaction, you are literally just…

A

adding 2 Hs. One to the O group, and one to the free arm

33
Q

pyruvic acid formula

A

CH3 - C (=O attached on top of the C)- COOH

34
Q

NAD+ is an___agent (carbonyl group)

A

oxidizing

35
Q

NADH is an____agent (carbonyl group)

A

reducing

36
Q

aldehyde + alcohol = ?

A

hemiacetal

37
Q

ketone + alcohol = ?

A

hemiketal

38
Q

hemiacetals will always have this exact structure

A

OH, H, C (central carbon), OC, C

39
Q

hemiketals will always have this structure

A

C (central carbon), OC, OH, C, C

40
Q

reaction of acetalaldehyde

A

you are literally just moving the H to the top O and making it a single bond, and moving the O-CH3-CH3 (or whatever is in the chain) to the side of the central C

41
Q

acetal vs. hemiacetal

A

hemiacetal has an OH, acetal just has an OR group

42
Q

alkoxy group

A

any C attached to an O

43
Q

carbonyl group

A

just C=O - that’s it

44
Q

when naming aldehydes, remember to…

A

count the C that is attached to the double O and H

45
Q

when naming ketones using common name

A

Don’t count the C with attached double O - just start on either side

46
Q

when counting Cs on ketones with O in the middle

A

DO NOT count the O in the middle as a C

47
Q

when drawing aldehydes…

A

remember to add an extra line with the H on the end

48
Q

what ketones and aldehydes are water soluble?

A

simple ones

49
Q

ketones are good solvents for..

A

many polar and nonpolar solutes

50
Q

how to tell if aldehyde or ketone is soluble

A

if they have less than 4 carbons much more soluble. fewer than 5 or 6 are soluble.

51
Q

aldehydes and ketones have lower BPs that alcohol because…

A

they only have dipole-dipole forces that are weak, easy to break. alcohols have hydrogen bonding.

52
Q

C-C=O-H with a mild oxidizing agent

A

another O is added to the free H - so it’s C-C=O-OH

53
Q

what Tollen’s test does

A

since ketones can’t be oxidized (the don’t have anywhere to attach the extra O) you’re oxidizing to tell if it’s an aldehyde or ketone

54
Q

what benedict’s test does

A

this is also an oxidizing agent, and it will turn red if aldehyde is present. BUT, it also turns red if there is a ketone with an OH next to the O, so it’s not totally accurate. You need a negative Tollen’s and positive Benedict to tell if it’s a ketone

55
Q

if you’re reducing something like a benzaldehyde…

A

and you don’t have anywhere to the put the extra H, just attach it to a separate line right next to the OH group at the top

56
Q

hemiacetals

A

an alcohol plus an aldehyde

57
Q

hemiketals

A

an alcohol plus a ketone

58
Q

acetal

A

2 ether-like OR groups (O-CH2CH3) on same carbon that was an aldehyde

59
Q

ketal

A

2 ether-like (O-CH2CH3) groups bonded to what was a ketone

60
Q

how to recognize an acetal

A

2 OR groups (CH3O) and a H, it’s acetal

61
Q

how to recognize a ketal

A

2 OR groups (CH3O) and 2 R groups (Carbons) it’s a ketal

62
Q

how to tell if it’s a hemiacetal or hemiketal

A

look for the C that has 2 single bonds to the O. if the 2 remaining bonds are C, it’s a ketal. If one is C and the other is H, it’s acetal.

63
Q

acetaldehyde (ace the hyde w/ narc)

A

sweet smelling but narcotic

64
Q

benzaldehyde (cherry benz)

A

sweet smelling cherry almond

65
Q

what can be reduced to alcohol?

A

aldehydes and ketones

66
Q

acetal

A

has 2 ether (either C or C) like groups bonded to a carbon - for example - OR-OR-C-C (OR is replacing the OH in hemiacetal)

67
Q

acetal has same formula as hemiacetal but…

A

the OH will be replaced by an OR group. same with ketals and hemiketals

68
Q

EASY way to identify hemiacetal or acetal

A

if the central carbon (the one attached to 2 Os) has 1 alkoxy group (an O with CH or something attached) it’s a hemiacetal. If the C has O attached with 2 alkoxy groups, it’s an acetal.

XIO (372 decks)

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