Fund 50 ch 33 Flashcards
Examples of patients experiencing postural abnormalities include
a newborn with developmental hip dysplasia, torticollis (inclining of head to affected side) or a clubfoot; a teenager with lordosis (exaggerated anterior convex curvature of the spine) or scoliosis (lateral curvature of the spine); and an older adult with kyphosis (increased convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine). Nursing responsibilities may include the following:
postural abnormalities - nurse responsibilties
Early detection of and referral for these problems
Exploration and selection of patient education, counseling, and support as treatment options
Careful attention to positioning, transfers, and exercise
Education of the patient and family regarding safe self-care activities
bone formation problems
Congenital problems, such as achondroplasia, in which premature bone ossification (bone tissue formation) leads to dwarfism or osteogenesis imperfecta, which is characterized by excessively brittle bones and multiple fractures both at birth and later in life
Nutrition-related problems, such as vitamin D deficiency, which results in deformities of the growing skeleton (rickets)
Disease-related problems, such as Paget’s disease, in which excessive bone destruction and abnormal regeneration result in skeletal pain, deformities, and pathologic fractures
Age-related problems, such as osteoporosis, in which bone destruction exceeds bone formation and in which the resultant thin, porous bones fracture easily
Nursing responsibilities for patients with problems of bone formation and muscle development and functioning include the following:
Having a solid knowledge base about the underlying disease process
Careful collaboration with the physician and health care team to determine the motor capacities of the person
Patient and family education aimed at developing optimal mobility
The ability to position, transfer, and exercise the patient safely, with attention to patient comfort
The cerebral motor cortex assumes the major role of
controlling precise, discrete movements
Basal ganglia integrate
semivoluntary movements such as walking, swimming, and laughing.
Plaque formation in the cerebellum may produce
lack of coordination, tremors, and/or weakness
The pyramidal pathways of the nervous system convey voluntary motor impulses from the brain through the spinal cord by way of two major pathways
(1) the pyramidal pathway and (2) the extrapyramidal pathway
Any illnesses that interfere with oxygenation at the cellular level decrease the amount of
oxygen available to the muscles for work and thus decrease activity tolerance. These illnesses include anemia, angina, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Symptoms accompanying many illnesses, such as fatigue, muscle aches, and pain, may also lead to
immobility
Exercise can be divided into two major types.
One is based on the type of muscle contraction occurring during the exercise. The second is based on the type of body movement occurring and the health benefits achieved.
exercise and type of muscle contraction involved as
being isotonic, isometric, or isokinetic
Isotonic exercise involves (short tonic)
muscle shortening and active movement. Examples include carrying out ADLs, independently performing range-of-motion exercises, and swimming, walking, jogging, and bicycling.
Isometric exercise involves (metric yoga)
muscle contraction without shortening (i.e., there is no movement or only a minimum shortening of muscle fibers). Examples include contractions of the quadriceps and gluteal muscles, such as what occurs when holding a Yoga pose
Isokinetic exercise involves
muscle contractions with resistance.
