Lab 2-physio Flashcards
trachea (y pseudo)
hyaline cartilage, lining is pseudostratified - open airway, hyaline for structure and support.
Tidal Volume (TV) (title - indianapolis)
amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions (500 ml)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) (film)
amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation (1900 - 3100 ml)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) (expired credit score)
amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation (700 - 1200 ml)
Vital Capacity (VC) (vital cleaning - done)
maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration (3100 - 4800 ml), this is the total amount of exchangeable air
Residual Volume (RV)
amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal expiration (1200 ml), cannot be measured with a spirometer (this is the volume that makes it possible for gases to be exchanged continuously)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) (necessary and leftover - tax return)
vital capacity plus residual volume (4200 - 6000 ml), this is the total amount of air that can fit in the lungs
urine is generally (color)
clear and pale yellow (straw) to amber in color
color is from (your- break down)
urobilins, pigments that come from the breakdown of hemoglobin
Abnormal color of the urine can come from…
certain foods, such as beets, drugs, bile or blood
pH of urine averages
6.0 but may range from 4.5 to 8.0
major normal urine constitutes include (WUSSUPP CC - hot tub)
WUSSUPP CC
water, urea, sodium, potassium, phosphates, sulfates, creatinine, and uric acid, chlorides
can be found in small amounts in urine (meds - migraine)
Calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate ions
urine should not contain…(GARLK) (alb - kitchen)
GARLK
glucose, albumin, ketones, RBC/hemoglobin, leukocytes
glucose in urine (and normal levels of glucose)
It indicates abnormally high blood sugar levels. At normal blood sugar levels of 80-100mg/100ml. Pathological glycosuria occurs in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
albumin - non pathogenic (alb - running)
conditions like excessive exertion, pregnancy, or high protein intake can temporarily increase membrane permeability.
ketones normally present in…
only trace amounts. If present in excessive amounts, this usually indicates abnormal metabolic processes.
RBCs in urine - called…(think hema)
called hematuria, and nearly always indicates pathology.
hemoglobin is caused by…(cut)
hemolysis of red blood cells.
bile pigments are called…
Presence of bilirubin (bile pigments) in the urine is called bilirubinuria.
wbcs (egypt - uti)
Presence of WBCs or other pus constituents in the urine is called pyuria. It indicates inflammation of the urinary tract
casts (plate)
hardened cell fragments flushed out of the urinary tract. they always indicate pathology.
simple cubiodal (cubes in..)
kidneys
esophagus
stratified squamous
stomach
simple columnar
small intestine
simple columnar
large intestine
simple columnar
lungs
simple squamous
P wave
atrial depolarization
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization (obscured atrial repolarization)
T wave (tubular - re)
ventricular repolarization, may be inverted, elevated, or depressed depending on the lead sampled, or pathology
tachycardia
a heart rate over 100 beats per minute.
bradycardia
slower than normal heart rate, heart beats fewer than 60 times a minute
arrhythmia
heart can beat too fast, too slowly, or with an irregular rhythm
fibrillation (afib - BSH)
a quivering or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications
heart block (cement block)
abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too slowly, which results in the electrical signals being partially or totally blocked between the upper chambers (atria) and lower chambers (ventricles)
myocardial infarction
heart attack
ECG can diagnose (ACH)
arrhythmias, coronary heart disease, and heart attacks
cardiac output decreases with..(tp)
increased T-P
pale red and blue cytoplasm
neutrophil