Moment 14 Flashcards
graph that represents a proportional relationship - how to tell?
if it doesn’t pass through 0, it’s not proportional
formula for surface area of a cylinder
s = 2(pi)(r)2 + 2(pi)rh
range on a graph is just the difference between…
the highest and lowest number
plants being tested with water, bleach, and salt. What is the control variable?
water is the control bc it is the normal reference point. What everything else is being compared to.
control variable
water to bleach and salt
hematocrit
ratio of red blood cells to total blood volume
hemoglobin
protein in RBCs that contains iron, which oxygen binds to.
axilla
armpit
normal microflora
commensal organisms
what produces cytokines? (not T)
macrophages
mature T cells are activated into what types of cells? (T helps toxic memory)
helper T, cytotoxic (killer), and memory cells
helper T cells secrete..(T helps luke)
interlukin (chemical messengers)
critical role of T cells (Mr. T makes bees)
to activate B cells
B cells - mature where? (B cells grow in B marrow)
mature in bone marrow and make antibodies. B cells multiply into plasma cells.
immunoglobulins also called…
antibodies
humoral immunity
antibody-mediated immunity
reaction to bee sting
active immunity
location of osteocytes
collagen matrix
osteocytes maintain…(cyte supervisor)
bone, and their projections sense physical stress on bones
bone mineral reabsorption is done by…
osteoclasts. it removes calcium from bone so it can enter the bloodstream
deficits in plasma calcium causes…(lock jaw)
tetany, an involuntary and continuous contraction of muscle
blood clotting requires..
calcium
osteoblast secretions allow..
mineralisation in bones. The deposit is in the form of hydroxyapatite
produce a highly organized collagen matrix (makers)
osteoblasts
cell communication between lacunae occurs through..(can I call u?)
tunnels called canaliculi
volkmann’s canals
break in the haversian canal. Blood vessels are HERE!
has few osteons
spongy bone
bone marrow resides in…
spongy bone
group of concentric lamellae is called..
osteon. it’s the tree trunk
yellow bone marrow lies within…
the medullary cavity of long bone
periosteum
thin layer that covers bones and allows for attachment of ligaments and tendons
atlas
C1 - nodding yes
axis
C2 - shaking no
noncovalent bonds, like hydrogen, are..
weak
smallest molecules (smallest FANS are the best)
sugar, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides
3 classes of macromolecules (PPN is too classy for mac)
polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids
every single macromolecule is a..
polymer linked with subunits. subunits are monomers
type of bond that holds sugar together
covalent
forming a covalent bond in a macromolecule requires…
energy, that usually comes from ATP
dehydration reaction also called…
condensation reaction
dehydration occurs when…(ATP fights w/ water)
energy from ATP pushes away a water molecule from a sugar molecule. The water is removed.
built from dehydration process (PPN looks dehydrated)
polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids
function of a macromolecule is dependent on its..(micro)
3-dimensional shape
hydrogen bonds are…(type of bond is..) (H doesn’t play)
non-covalent, like ionic bonds.
chemical reaction that coverts polymer of glycogen into monomers of glucose is..(sugar is special)
hydrolysis
chitin and cellulose
great strength, provides support skeleton to animals and plants (cellulose - plants)
every protein is built from…(how many?)
20 kinds of amino acids
proteins are made from linking amino acids through…
dehydration, and they form a covalent bond called a peptide bond
virtually every chemical reaction in a cell is carried out by an..
enzyme - enzymes are protein.
ex of structural proteins (structure of face)
collagen
proteins that serve as transporters ex.
hemoglobin or ion channels
most important job of RNA
convert information stored in DNA into protein
lipids are NOT true…
polymers because they are not built from monomers
lipids are made up of mostly..(what are the bonds made of)
carbon and carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds. These types of bonds do not interact with water
saturated fatty acid made of…(single fat)
single bonds between carbon atoms
unsaturated fatty acids made of…(you can bond if you’re un)
double bond between 2 carbon atoms
unsaturated fatty acids melt at…
lower temps because they aren’t packed as tightly
nucleotides form___bonds
covalent
the covalent bond in DNA is formed..(mom)
when a nucleotide bonds w/ another nucleotide via dehydration - the result is a covalent bond called a phosphodiaster bond.
deoxyribonucleotide is just made of…
sugar
DNA sides of the ladder are made of..
alternating sugars and phosphates
the bases are connected to the sides of the ladder via…
hydrogen bonds
most genes encode for..
proteins
some genes encode for..
RNA, like tRNA and rRNA
regulatory binding sites (regulate the code)
part of gene whose job it is to decode gene info
codons act as the…(can’t code w/out words)
the words that make up a sentence
DNA makes RNA, which makes..
protein
RNA is made when..(where it all starts)
DNA unwinds, and proteins make a copy of one strand of DNA called complimentary strand of RNA.
the complimentary RNA is called..
mRNA. mRNA exits and binds to ribosome. ribosome reads each codon like a sentence. The codon is bound to tRNA connected to an amino acid. The amino acid is transferred from tRNA to a chain of amino acids connected to the ribosome.
total possible codons (keiffer codes)
64
replication of chromosome occurs during..(synthesize the chromosomes)
synthesis phase
duplicate chromosome pair called…
chromatid
humans are diploids, meaning
their cells contain 2 sets of chromosomes
King Henry Died By (B is 1) Drinking Chocolate Milk (this can be used for meters, liters, and grams) MLG
1000, 100, 10, 1, .1, .01, .001 (move the decimal however many decimal points is spaces in the acronym)
(3x - 4) (x + 5) =
3x(2) + 15x - 4x - 20. YOU NEED TO multiply the exponents
graph | x | < 4 (absolute value)
would be -4 to 4, with open dots.
2 hot dogs and 3 fries trick
write out both and then find a common denominator - 6. So if you add the 2 lines together (top and bottom) the 6 would cancel out.
random variable
a rule that assigns some number to an event - like a salary or something
expected value
the most likely value of a random variable - just the average
symmetric distribution (mirror symmetry)
each half mirrors the other when split in half
covariance
they way 2 variable change each other
direct variation
an increase in one causes an increase in the other
inverse variation
increase in one causes decrease in another - more workers takes less time to finish the job
ex. inverse variation - if 24 ppl can build a structure in 42 days, how long would it take 16 ppl?
p = k/t 24 = k/42 k = 24(42) = 1008 p = 1008/t 16 = 1008/t 16t = 1008 t = 63 days
independent variable on the___axis (Malcolm)
X
each orbital can hold__electrons
2
subshells (shells in the sun)
S, P, D, F (S closest to nucleus)
covalent bonds are typically formed in ___shells
P
extensive properties (extend in size)
depends on size
water has a___specific heat capacity
high, because breaking many H bonds takes a lot of energy
one main feature of osmosis (how it gets through)
semi-permeable membrane
unique property of water
it’s a universal solvent
ex of expository essay…
how to make pizza. it teaches something
denotative meaning of a word
the dictionary meaning
connotative meaning of a word
the word’s definition and the emotions associated with it
lymphocytes are just…
B and T cells
B cells have antibodies on..
their surface and they also secrete them
some B cells become…
plasma cells, and some become memory cells
active immunity is when..
your body makes antibodies
phases of interphase (grow, synthesize, grow)
G1 phase (cell growth), followed by S phase (DNA synthesis), followed by G2 phase (cell growth). At the end of interphase comes the mitotic phase, which is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis and leads to the formation of two daughter cells
g1 phase does not involve..
replication
s phase (S is Not Cool - NC)
nucleus and centrosomes are duplicated
g phase (g for growth)
cell grows and prepares for mitosis
m phase (think m)
can be either mitosis or meiosis
cytosol is…
cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is everything is cell EXCEPT nucleus. Cytosol is the liquid inside the cell. Cytoplasm is not the liquid, it’s stuff.
